A study on some difficulties of translating business corespondence

they will find when facing the grammatical aspects. In addition, this could be viewed as in the following chart: 4.3.2. Power of lexis and Terminology, set expression and using words in translating business correspondence As a branch of linguistics, vocabulary or lexis has long been one of the hard problems facing the translators. It is true. When asked, 25 respondents, accounting for some 52.08% mostly choose the “rather difficult” option. In addition, this number is nearly twice as much as that of the neighboring choice, “difficult”, with a proportion mentioned the first selection of “very difficult”. In addition, the remained 8.33% fall in those who are not quite sure about the lexis’ difficulty. No one selects the last option “not difficult”. 4.3.2.1. Lexis and Terminology Chart 2: Difficulty levels of using Lexis in translating business correspondence All respondents reached an agreement that this item must, by all means, fall into some levels of obstruction, rather than merely “not difficult”. A same rate, 6 options (12.5%), is what the respondents chose for the “very difficult” and “not sure”. In the mean time, the percentage of those who though it “rather difficult” turned out to be twice as much as that of the option who expect it to be “not difficult”, 25% and 50% accordingly. According to Peter Newmark, “to translate a text, you do not have to be an expert in its technology of its topic; but you have to understand that text and temporarily know the vocabulary it uses” ( Newmark, 1995, p.155). Under the light of this statement, whenever ones come up with the translation of business correspondence, translators need not master all the precise items, however, the more he/ she can understand, and the better his/ her work will be. Practically, it seems that the lexis and terminology involving in commodities, money and so on will simultaneously come to mind when the translator rest his/ her eyes on a letter. As far as many assertions have been taken, these are very important and difficult items for all translators and students. The fact has it that, Lexis in translation of business correspondence is not restricted in the field only, instead, it refers to all activities in the world, from politics to economic and the like. It is true because everything happening in a country can affect its financial system. Chart 3: Difficulty levels of Terminology in translating business correspondence The second problem in this part is the role of terminology or specific terms used in this field. Theoretically, the translation that deals with terminology in specific areas such as commerce, politics, finance, etc. is general considered technical translation. On the main, the differences of technical translation primarily lie on the terminology of each kind it relates to. It has been calculated by Newmark (1995) that terminology only makes up its proportion of a mere 5-10% out of the words used in a text. However, it is impossible for a translator to perfectly perform his/ her work without owning a good knowledge of the specific terms of such field at his/ her fingertips. It is easy to understand that each domain has its own system of terms and so does the business. As such, terminology should be, by all means, of first- hand concern when the translators are bound to embark on another field. In addition, it is one actuality derived from the fact that many technical terms are built from commonly used ones, or from peculiar groupings of familiar language items. In addition, below is the chart including results of both lexis and terminology: A hard matter for the translators is how to understand these terms in its correct meanings. Certainly, it is firstly advisable for the translators to apply a set of conventional terminology that has been well rendered and accepted by the professional predecessors. Secondly, another problem is how to tackle with the new terms, and even that of the old ones. In facts, many debates have been aroused when rendering a terminology into Vietnamese. Therefore, the first and foremost requirement for translator is to own a huge store of vocabulary. However, this aim can only be obtained once the translator practices with high concentration and pressure, if possible. One of many difficulties facing all translators and interpreters is “Terminology”. Each domain like politics, culture, and economics has its own terminology. Many people said that they always face to terms and these terms create many difficulties for them when reading translating. Like any other domains, economics has its own complex system of terms. It is difficult for you to guess then to understand the meaning of a term. In order to understand a term, you have to look for it in the dictionary and learn by heart the meaning of it. In economics, each sub-domain also has its own terms. Contract has terms of Contract and Business Correspondence has its terms, too. In terms of law, for example, there are such terms like Ordinance (Ph¸p lÖnh), Jurisdiction (Ph¸p quyÒn), Stipulation (Quy ®Þnh), etc. Or in terms of diplomatic, there are Envoy (§Æc ph¸i viªn), Charge’ d’ Affaires adinterim (§¹i diÖn l©m thêi), Nuncio (§¹i sø cña Gi¸o Hoµng), etc. In terms of economics, there are Abandonment (Sù uû th¸c), Account Payable (Tiªu tr¸i), Advance Bill (Hèi phiÕu tr¶ tr­íc), etc. All these terms make it difficult for both translators and interpreters. They surely will be embarrassed when facing to these terms, which they do not understand profoundly the essential meaning of the term; you cannot use it exactly. In addition, the misuse of any term in any domain is considered taboo. It actually creates misunderstanding between two economics counterparts when transforming business letter. Moreover, you cannot transfer the exact content of business letter from the source language to the target language (See sample letter 12 in Appendices). In general, the language in this letter is simple, easy to understand and translate. It is only one economic term that can make you embarrassed. How can you translate “Tin dông th­ kh«ng huû ngang” if you do not know what it means? You can transfer it into English equivalent, but you are surely not confident in translating the letter. And this creates difficulty too many translators and interpreters. It is quite easy for people who study Economics but it appears to be a considerable problem for people who study foreign language only. It is not enough to find the equivalents. Understanding profoundly the meaning of terms helps you to translate confidently. Of course, for many difficulties, we cannot overcome easily. But it is said that “More practice, more perfect”, so if you face to strange economic terms everyday, then terms will become familiar to you day by day. * Some economic terms and explanations. - Cash Discount : Gi¶m gi¸ do tiÒn mÆt. §©y lµ mét sù gi¶m gi¸ dµnh cho viÖc tr¶ tr­íc c¸c mãn nî. - Cheque : SÐc, chi phiÕu. §ã lµ hèi phiÕu rót tiÒn t¹i mét ng©n hµng vµ ®­îc chi tr¶ theo yªu cÇu. - Bearer Cheque : SÐc tr¶ cho ng­êi cÇm. §©y lµ mét sÐc ®­îc viÕt ®Ó chi tr¶ cho ng­êi thô h­ëng hay ng­êi cÇm. - Order Cheque : SÐc tr¶ theo lÖnh. §©y lµ sÐc ®­îc viÕt ®Ó chi tr¶ cho ng­êi thô h­ëng hay theo lÖnh. - Crossed Cheque : SÐc g¹ch chÐo. §©y lµ sÐc ®­îc viÕt ®Ó chi tr¶ cho ng­êi thô h­ëng hay theo lÖnh. - State Cheque : SÐc mÊt hiÖu lùc. Lµ sÐc kh«ng ®­îc xuÊt tr×nh ®Ó ®­îc chi tr¶ trong mét thêi gian hîp lý. - Circular Note : TÝn dông th­ l­u chuyÓn. Lµ th­ tÝn dông do mét ng©n hµng cÊp cho phÐp ng­êi mang th­ tÝn dông nµy cã thÓ xin chi tr¶ l¹i nhiÒu ®iÓm kh¸c nhau, cã thÓ c¶ ë ngo¹i quèc. - Cover : TiÒn b¶o chøng. Sè tiÒn ®· ®­îc ký th¸c ®Ó ®¶m b¶o cho sù thua lç cã thÓ x¶y ra. - Cover note : Hîp ®ång b¶o hiÓm t¹m thêi. Lµ mét chøng tõ do mét c«ng ty b¶o hiÓm cÊp nh»m thiÕt lËp mét sù b¶o hiÓm t¹m thêi trong khi chê cÊp mét hîp ®ång b¶o hiÓm chÝnh thøc. - Credit Bill : Hèi phiÕu tÝn dông. Lµ mét hèi phiÕu mµ ng­êi nî ®· thu xÕp tr­íc ®Ó vay m­în ®­îc tr¶ hèi phiÕu. - Current account : Tµi kho¶n v·ng lai. Lµ mét tµi kho¶n ®­îc c«ng ty kinh doanh thiÕt lËp t¹i mét ng©n hµng nh»m gi¶i quyÕt c¸c kho¶n chi tr¶. Th«ng th­êng, tµi kho¶n v·ng lai kh«ng ®­îc h­ëng l·i suÊt trªn kÕt sè d­. - Date of Manurity : Ngµy ®Õn h¹n thanh to¸n. Ngµy mµ ng­êi m¾c nî ph¶i thanh to¸n cho chñ nî. - Days of grace : Ngµy gia h¹n. Lµ thêi gian phô tréi gia h¹n thªm cho ng­êi m¾c nî ®Ó thanh to¸n c¸c kho¶n nî. - Dead stock : Hµng chÕt. Lµ lo¹i hµng kh«ng b¸n ®­îc do kh«ng cã yªu cÇu. - Due Bill : GiÊy nhËn nî. Lµ mét b¶n viÕt c«ng nhËn mãn nî. - Free On Board (F.O.B) : Giao hµng trªn tµu. Lµ gi¸ b¸n bao gåm mäi chi phÝ kÓ c¶ viÖc vËn chuyÓn hµng hãa t¹i mét ®Þa ®iÓm chØ ®Þnh. - Free On Rail (F.O.R) : Giao hµng trªn toa. Mäi chi phÝ tÝnh cho ®Õn khi giao hµng hãa ®­îc ®­a lªn toa ®Òu do ng­êi b¸n chÞu. - Inland Bill : Hèi phiÕu. Lµ mét hèi phiÕu ®­îc rót ra vµ chi tr¶ trong n­íc. International Abbreviation International Abbreviation is a group of letter standing for a phrase of words. These international abbreviations are used as official economic terms. They are used frequently in business letters or documents. When referring to an abbreviation, people always understand what are stands for and what it means immediately. “F.O.B” for example, stands for “Free On Board” or “F.O.R” for “Free On Rail” – international abbreviation, as well as economic term, is a challenge to people when translating business correspondence. In fact, there are many abbreviations. These are sometimes little different to each other but they carry absolutely different meaning such as “A.D” stands for “Acknowledgement Due” (Thõa nhËn) while “a.d” is for “after date” (Sau kú h¹n), people will misuse these abbreviations if they do not play much attention. In addition, there are wholely similar abbreviations, “b.p” for example, is the abbreviation of “bill payable” (Hèi phiÕu chi tr¶) and also stands for “boiling point” (§é s«i). When facing to this situation, our translation depends much on the context of the letter. Context of any document plays important part in the work of translating. People who face to strange abbreviation will be surely embarrassed. The abbreviation is also one kind of economic term. Usually when translating a letter with abbreviations, people keep them unchanged. For example: “C¶m ¬n quý Ngµi vÒ th­ chµo hµng ngµy 05 th¸ng 3 vÒ lo¹i bót m¸y míi cña quý Ngµi víi gi¸ lµ US$ 38 mét t¸ theo ph­¬ng thøc C.I.F Hµ Néi”. “Thank you for your offer of May 5th for the fountain pens, at US$ 38 a dozen C.I.F Hanoi” The abbreviations are not translated as they considered familiar terms to everybody. However, translators sometimes face to new abbreviations that they can hardly guess what it is for. For example: E & O.E stands for: Error and Omission Expected Trõ c¸c nhÇm lÉn vµ bá sãt Or H.P stands for: Hire Purchase Hîp ®ång thuª mua, etc. Although when you do not understand the meaning of the abbreviation, you can keep it unchanged in your translation. However, if the meaning of abbreviation is understood clearly, your translation will be more confident and considerable to people. * Some international abbreviations - A – 1 First class H¹ng nhÊt - @ At the rate of Theo gi¸ xuÊt - a.a.r Against all risks Khái mäi rñi ro - A.M Ante Meridian (morning) (Before noon) S¸ng, tr­íc ngä - A/S Account sales or sales account B¶n b¸o c¸o quyÕt to¸n - B/E Bill of Exchange Hèi phiÕu - B/L Bill of Lading VËn ®¬n - b/l Bill of lading VËn ®¬n - bl. Barrel Thïng - Bl. Bale KiÖn hµng - blk Blank Sè l­îng lín - blk Bulk Chç chõa trèng - B.R Bills receivable Hèi phiÕu sÏ thu - B.S Bill of sales GiÊy sang tay - C.A Chartered Accountant Cost Accountant Gi¸m ®Þnh viªn kÕ to¸n - C.H Customs House Côc h¶i quan - Cie. Company C«ng ty - C.i.f Cost, insurance and freight Gi¸ hµng, b¶o hiÓm vµ gi¸ c­íc - c.i.f.c Cost, insurance, freight and commission, etc. Gi¸ hµng, b¶o hiÓm, gi¸ c­íc vµ hoa hång … - C.O.D Cash on delivery Tr¶ tiÒn khi nhËn hµng - C/R Company’s risk Sù rñi ro cña C«ng ty - C.W.O Cash with order Tr¶ tiÒn ngay khi ®Æt hµng - C.wt. Hundred weight T¹ -d.d Delivered Giao t¹i - Dis. Discount ChiÕt khÊu - D/W Debit note GiÊy b¸o nî - Dr. Debtor Ng­êi m¾c nî - D/o Delivery order PhiÕu giao hµng - Exec. Executive Thi hµnh, chÊp hµnh - f.a.a Free of all average MiÔn båi th­êng mäi tæn thÊt - f.a.s Free alongside ship Giao däc m¹n tµu - F.O.B Free On Board Giao lªn tµu - M.S Manuscript B¶n th¶o - Mtge. Mortgage V¨n tù cÇm cè - N.B Note benne Chó ý - Nom.cap. Nominal capital Vèn danh dÞnh - O. Order §¬n ®Æt hµng - O.a On account (of) Cho thiÕu, tr¶ chËm - O.d On demand Ph¶i tr¶ ngay khi yªu cÇu - O.G.S On Government Services DÞch vô nhµ n­íc - p.a Per annum Mçi n¨m - P.c. Percent PhÇn tr¨m - P.N Promissory note PhiÕu hÑn tr¶ tiÒn - P.T.O Please turnover Xin vui lßng sang trang - Recpt Receipt Biªn nhËn, biªn lai - R.S.V.P Reply if you please Xin vui lßng tr¶ lêi - S. Shilling §ång silinh - Sec. Secretary Th­ ký - S.N. Shipping note GiÊy phÐp xuÊt hµng xuèng tµu - Stg Sterling §ång B¶ng Anh - T.L.O Total loss only ChØ trong tr­êng hîp tæn thÊt toµn bé - V.P.L Value payable letter Th­ tr¶ tiÒn - Wt. Weight Träng l­îng - w.e.f With effect from Cã hiÖu lùc kÓ tõ … - C. Centigrade/cents §é b¸ch ph©n/ xu - C.E Civil Engineer Kü s­ d©n sù - Chg. Charge LÖ phÝ, tiÒn uû th¸c - Chron. Chronological Theo thø tù thêi gian - C/L Carload Xe ®Çy, toa ®Çy (hµng hãa) - cml Commercial Th­¬ng m¹i - com.m Commission TiÒn hoa hång - Corr. Correspondence Th­ tõ - Cr. Creditor Chñ nî - cr Credit TÝn dông - cum.div With dividend KÓ c¶ tiÒn l·i cæ phÇn - Currt. Current HiÖn hµnh, ®ang l­u hµnh 4.3.2.2. Mistakes and difficulties in set expression and using words Chart 4: Difficulty of using original writing styles in translating business correspondence Set expression are the phrases commonly used in some domain? Set expression does not exist in just only business correspondence but in many other documents like political or cultural documents, etc. In politics, for example, “Quan hÖ hîp t¸c” is translated as “cooperative Relation”; “Bµy tá lßng c¶m ¬n ch©n thµnh” will be “Express sincere thanks” or “Express great attitude” will be “Bµy tá lßng c¶m ¬n s©u s¾c”. These expressions are very familiar to people. They are not changed and called “Set Expression”. Set expressions are very useful in translation and interpretation. They are familiar to people so that people can understand them clearly. The more set expressions you have, the better your translation is. However, using set expressions is not easy and it appears to be one of the difficulties facing people in translating every domain and so is in the business correspondence. For example: “We are indebted your name and address to Mr. Gorge” can not be translated as “Chóng t«i nî «ng Gorge tªn vµ ®Þa chØ cña quý Ngµi”. “To be indebted someone’s name and address” is a set expression in business correspondence then it should be translated as “Chóng t«i ®­îc «ng Gorge giíi thiÖu nªn h©n h¹nh ®­îc biÕt tªn vµ ®Þa chØ cña quý Ngµi”. “We are desirous of opening an account with you” should be “Chóng t«i mong muèn ®­îc thiÕt lËp quan hÖ víi quý Ngµi” not “Chóng t«i muèn ®­îc më tµi kho¶n víi quý Ngµi”, etc. Every domain has its own set expressions and so does the business correspondence. In addition, business correspondence consists of several types of letters; each also has its own set expressions and requires a proper translation method (See sample letter 13 in Appendices). In such letter, sentences to introduce the firm are very important. Mainly, the first sentence is to let the other know the source of information you get. In English, there are: “We have learned from…. your name and address” This is a set expression. It is usually translated into Vietnamese as: “Th«ng qua… chóng t«i ®­îc biÕt tªn vµ ®Þa chØ cña quý Ngµi” not “Chóng t«i ®­îc häc hái …” This is a common mistake for those who have not been used to business set expressions. Another common typical mistake can be: “Our products are well received all over the world”. This sentence cannot be “S¶n phÈm cña chóng t«i ®­îc nhËn biÕt trªn toµn thÕ giíi”. The word “NhËn biÕt” can be considered to be ambiguous in this letter because it may carry the meaning that your product is well known for its bad quality. Therefore, the best way to translate should be “S¶n phÈm cña chóng t«i ®­îc ­a chuéng trªn toµn thÕ giíi”. And when we want to translate from Vietnamese into English this sentence: “§· 20 n¨m nay chóng t«i tiÕn hµnh xuÊt khÈu m¸y ¶nh”, if you put it like this: “It has been 20 years since we started exporting cameras”, it is not grammatically wrong, but it is not in the style of business letter. A business style for this sentence may be: “We have been engaged in exporting cameras for 20 years” since “To be engaged in doing something” is a business set expressions. It is preferable that you translate in the exact business style with set expressions, but in many cases, it is acceptable that you use normal style, such as: “Chóng t«i göi kÌm ®©y catal« míi nhÊt vµ b¶ng gi¸ hµng hãa cña chóng t«i” Translation like this is possible: “We are enclosing our latest illustrated catalogue together with the price list of our goods”. But it may be better if it is translated as followed: “Enclosed here please find our catalogue and price list covering the complete line of our goods”. We can translate a business correspondence in common language style. However, it is better to use the business style. When using business style, people have to face to various difficulties and set expression is one of them. As said above, the more expressions you have, the better your translation is. So accumulating as many business set expressions as possible may be the best method to overcome such difficulty and improve your translation of business correspondence. Some business set expressions and equivalent translation - We have learned your name from the recent Trade magazine. - Qua cuèn t¹p chÝ th­¬ng m¹i gÇn ®©y, chóng t«i ®­îc biÕt tªn vµ ®Þa chØ cña Quý ngµi. - Your name and address have been given us through your recent ads. - Chóng t«i ®­îcbiÕt ®Õn Quý ngµi qua mét qu¶ng c¸o gÇn ®©y cña Quý ngµi. - We have been obtained your name - Th«ng qua danh s¸ch nh÷ng th­¬ng The address from the List of Traders in the coming Exhibition. Gia dù héi chî lÇn nµy, chóng t«i ®­îc biÕt tªn vµ ®Þa chØ cña quý Ngµi. - We owe your name and address to the VCCI. - Chóng t«i ®­îc Phßng Th­¬ng m¹i vµ C«ng nghiÖp ViÖt Nam giíi thiÖu quý Ngµi. - We are indebted your name and address to Mr. Gorge. - Chóng t«i ®­îc «ng Gorge giíi thiÖu nªn h©n h¹nh ®­îc biÕt tªn vµ ®Þa chØ cña quý Ngµi - It has come to our attention through the recent Yellow Pages Dictionary that you’re a large importer in … - Qua niªn gi¸m Nh÷ng trang vµng gÇn ®©y, chóng t«i ®­îc biÕt quý Ngµi lµ mét xuÊt khÈu lín vÒ … - At the recommendation of the … we’re writing to you to know if you are interested in … - Theo sù giíi thiÖu cña … chóng t«i viÕt th­ nµy ®Ó hái xem quý Ngµi cã quan t©m ®Õn … kh«ng. - We are well – established as a manufacturer of … - Chóng t«i lµ mét nhµ s¶n xuÊt … cã uy tÝn. - Your firm has been recommended by the … as a large exporter of … - Qua sù giíi thiÖu cña … chóng t«i ®­îc biÕt r»ng c¸c Ngµi lµ mét nhµ xuÊt khÈu lín vÒ … - We have heard from … that you are in the market for … - Chóng t«i ®­îc biÕt tõ … r»ng c¸c Ngµi cã kinh doanh … - We have been engaged in exporting … for a long time and are closely related to manufacturer in our country. - Chóng t«i ®· tiÕn hµnh xuÊt khÇu … ®­îc mét thêi gian dµi vµ ®· t¹o ®­îc quan hÖ kh¸ mËt thiÕt víi c¸c nhµ s¶n xuÊt trong n­íc. - May we introduce ourselves as an exporter of … and are having a considerable amount of experience in this field. - Xin phÐp tù giíi thiÖu chóng t«i lµ mét nhµ xuÊt khÈu lín vÒ … vµ ®· cã rÊt nhiÒu kinh nghiÖm trong lÜnh vùc nµy. - We are experienced manufacturer and exporter of … - Chóng t«i lµ nhµ s¶n xuÊt vµ xuÊt khÈu giµu kinh nghiÖm vÒ … - We are desirous of opening an account with you. - Chóng t«i rÊt mong ®­îc thiÕt lËp quan hÖ víi quý Ngµi. - Enclosed is the certificate and price list covering the complete line of our goods. - §Ýnh kÌm theo ®©y lµ giÊy chøng nhËn vµ b¶ng gi¸ cña toµn bé s¶n phÈm hiÖn cã cña chóng t«i. - We are sending you separately our pattern book with samples. - Xin göi cho Ngµi mét cuèn s¸ch mÉu vµ mét sè mÉu hµng cña chóng t«i. - The catalogue will give you knowledge of our complete range of goods. - Catal« nµy sÏ gióp quý Ngµi hiÓu ®Çy ®ñ vÒ c¸c mÆt hµng mµ chóng t«i ®ang cã. - For your reference, we are sending you sample of goods that would be of interest to you. - §Ó tiÖn cho viÖc ®èi chøng, chóng t«i göi kÌm theo ®©y mét sè mÉu mµ quý Ngµi cã thÓ quan t©m. - Our latest price list will be sent upon your request. - NÕu quý Ngµi yªu cÇu, chóng t«i sÏ göi b¶ng gi¸ míi nhÊt cho quý Ngµi. - For information about our financial standing, please refer to … - Mäi vÊn ®Ò liªn quan ®Õn t×nh hinh tµi chÝnh cña chóng t«i, xin liªn hÖ víi … - Our banks are the … - Ng©n hµng giao dÞch cña chóng t«i lµ … - We look forward to your favorable reply. - Chóng t«i mong chê sù tr¶ lêi thiÖn chÝ cña quý Ngµi 4.3.2.3. Mistakes and difficulties in using words 4.3.2.3.1. Redundancies One of the most important points of a well –translated business letter is that it is concise. Many students’ worry that a letter that is brief and clear may also be impolite. However, in English, a letter that uses a great deal words to express ideas becomes a boring, and in the end, irritating letter. Some words and phrases are often seen in business letters do nothing to carry the meaning of a sentence to the reader. Perhaps you feel that saving a word here and there in your writing is unimportant but, in English, a good writing style is marked by an economy of words, which is not only admirable but also a way to save your reader some time. Now you will see phrases that are wordy but you cannot remove from a sentence without changing its meaning. Such phrases should be revised to be more concise. For example: In the normal course of procedure – should be replaced by Normally, Usually As a consequence of ® Consequently, Therefore At the present, time ® now In the immediate future ® soon During the time that ® When, While For the purpose of ® for In sentences, I am in receipt of your shipment 100 meters of black silk. The underlined phrase should be written as I have received. Please let us hear from you at an early date. The phrase should be cross out and soon be used instead. We are considering the suggestion contained in your letter of 15th May. The suggestions, at stated above, we received from the employees. In the usual course of business, we serve in the neighborhood of 500 people a day. It happened that your radio did need arrive within the 90-day warranty period. They should be revised as: We are considering the suggestion inn your letter of 15th May. The above suggestions we received from the employees. Usually, we serve in the neighborhood of 500 people a day. Your radio did nit arrive within the 90 day warranty period. In addition, in a paragraph: I wish to tell you that an increase in price is essential, which is due to the fact that there has been a rise in the cost of raw materials of about five or six percent. Moreover, our contract with our major client expires 21 April, and discussion along the lines of a new contract is already under way. I personally think that the client will accept not more than a two – percent increase. This should be revised as: An increase in price is essential, due to a rise in the cost of raw materials of five or six percent. Moreover, our contract with our major client expires 21st April, and discussions on a new contract are already under way. I think that the client will accept not more than a two- percent increase. The redundancy is also found in using prepositional phrase. In many cases, a single word can carry the meaning of a phrase without changing its meaning but translators focus on using phrases, which irritate the sentence of the letter. Writing these sentences with the thought that they have creative abilities of using vocabulary, in fact, they are spoiling the letter. For example, in sentences We increase the price in order to reduce our loss. Should be replaced by “to” The requirement is needed in connection with the new office ® for I have received your letter on the subject of the new machinery ® concerning We are in the position to supply the goods immediately ® able Please ins