Catholic words in prayer books of dominican order dioceses in Viet Nam

ds 2.2.1. Reason for borrowing the foreign Catholic words The Catholicism officially entered Viet Nam around 1533. In Viet Nam, before this time, had no vocabulary units that conveyed the concepts of the Catholics. Therefore, the missionaries had to borrow Catholic concepts in their native language and in Latin as the Church’s official language. 2.2.2. Origin of the Catholic loan words 2.2.2.1. Jewish origin: Jewish originated words were often borrowed through an intermediate language such as Latin, Portuguese or Spanish, such as: Tội Adam (sin of Adam), Amen, and Alleluia. 2.2.2.2. Greek origin: The Bible is written in Hebrew and Greek. This is why many of the later Bible words widely used in the communion were of Greek origin, for example: ẩn tu (hermit), cánh chung (eschatology), etc. 2.2.2.3. Latin origin: Latin is the official language of the Catholic Church, as such, most of the concepts in the Catholicism are officially expressed in this language, for example: Ảnh thánh (holy image), Bí tích (Sacrament), etc. 2.2.2.4. The Catholic loan words in Vietnamese language with traces of Portuguese: for example: Sang-ta (holy), Cau-rut (Cross), etc. 2.2.2.5. The Catholic loan words in Vietnamese language with traces of Spanish: for example: Thánh A-phô-tô-li (Apostle), A-r-ca-khê-lô (Archalgel) 2.2.2.6. Sino-Vietnamese Catholic words: There are 257/1132 units (23%) but there are only 59 Sino-Vietnamese Catholic “jargons” equivalent to the Catholic “jargons” included in Chinese (compared based on Sino-Vietnamese reading sounds). 2.2.3. Method of receiving Catholic loan words 2.2.3.1. Keep word form in the source language: There is a very low number of words received, only 40/1132 Catholic words. 7 2.2.3.2. Phonetic transcription in source language: There are 103/1132 words (9.09%). Most of the Indo-European words expressing the polymorphism. 2.2.3.3. Calque (loan translation and loan shift) in source language: there are 689/1132 words, accounting for more than 60.86%, as shown in the table below: Table 2.1: Ratio of translation equivalence of Latin-Vietnamese Catholic words Ratio of equivalence Number of Latin Catholic words Number of Vietnamese Catholic words Percentage Latin 1: 1 Vietnamese 345 345 50% Latin 1: 2 Vietnamese 79 158 23% Latin 1: 3 Vietnamese 28 84 12% Latin 1: 4 Vietnamese 10 40 5.9% Latin 1: 5 Vietnamese 5 25 3.6% Latin 1: 6 Vietnamese 5 30 4.4% Latin 1: 7 Vietnamese 1 7 1.1% Total 473 689 100% The table shows that, the more words of translation equivalence the units have, the lower their percentage is, indicating that the objects tends to self-normalize during their use. 2.3. The ways of creating new words 2.3.1. Use new form to express a new meaning The words of this nature were mainly formed by the following methods: creating a new sound shell a shell named a newly formed concept; shortening combining and shortening. 2.3.2. Use available form to express a new meaning This is the way to form new words though adding a certain Catholic content to an available Vietnamese word, similar to the expanding the word sense. For example, prayer hands pose 1. Face or hold your hands together (Normal sense). 2. Hands facing each 8 other, the right thumb presses on the left thumb in the shape of the Cross and put in front of the chest. (Catholic meaning). 2.4. Sub-conclusion The thesis has mentioned the ways of forming the Catholic words in the corpuses. The borrowing is the important way and makes up the majority of vocabulary units. With a comparison, we have found that the borrowed Buddhist “jargons” mainly came from Asian languages, while the Catholic “jargons” were mainly borrowed from the Western languages. The ways to creating new words in different methods can be divided into two types of structures: the one that uses the new forms to express new contents and the one that uses available forms and materials to express new contents, or also known as creating new words with meaning development. Chapter 3: STRUCTURAL AND SEMANTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF CATHOLIC WORDS IN THE PRAYER BOOKS OF THE DOMINICAN ORDER DIOCESES IN VIET NAM 3.1. Introduction 3.2. Structural characteristics of Catholic words in the prayer books of the Dominican order Dioceses in Viet Nam 3.2.1. Characteristics of Catholic single words 3.2.1.1. Overview: The thesis has classified 95/1132 from the application (8.39%). This ratio is much lower than the 15.05% of single word in Vietnamese Buddhist vocabulary [60]. 3.2.1.2. Catholic single words considered in terms of the number of syllables: According to the statistics, the number of polymorphic single words (62.1%) is almost as twice as the number of monosyllabic single words (37.9%). This is explained by the large number of the Catholic words borrowed from the Indo-European family origin. 3.2.1.3. Catholic single words considered in terms of part of speech: Based on the traditional grammatical concept of part of speech, we have identified the types of the single words as follows: nouns accounted for 67.36%, verbs accounted for 27.36%, 9 adjectives accounted for 3.15%. Thus, the ratio of nouns is superior, showing that the system of names of concepts and objects occupies a large part in the prayers. 3.2.1.4. Catholic single words considered in terms of origin of constituents Table 3.4: Catholic single words considered in terms of origin of constituents Origin of constituents of the Catholic single words Quantity Ratio (%) Native Vietnamese 24 25.26 Sino – Vietnamese 20 21.05 Indo-European 51 53.68 Total 95 100,00 According to Nguyen Van Khang (2013), there are about 4,000 common French and English originated words, 60-70% Sino-Vietnamese originated words used in Vietnamese [51]. Meanwhile, the proportion of Sino-Vietnamese originated constituents and of Indo-European originated constituents in this class of words is just over 21% and 53%. This can be explained by the characteristics of the language exposure process in the activities of the Catholic community in Viet Nam. 3.2.2. Characteristics of Catholic compound words 3.2.2.1. Overview Table 3.5. General features of compound Catholic words in Vietnamese Catholic Compound words Quantity Ratio (%) Structure Main - secondary 569 77.79 Independent 163 23.21 Word type Noun 515 73.40 Verb 154 21.93 Adjective 33 4.46 Origin of structural elements Native Vietnamese 337 48.01 Sino-Vietnamese 119 16.90 Mixed 246 35.04 Total 720 100,00 10 3.2.2.2. Characteristics of relationship of Catholic compound words: The thesis has identified 163 independent compound words (23.21%), 569 main- secondary ones (77.79 %). 3.2.2.3. Characteristics of types of Catholic compound words: Among the Catholic compound words, there are 33 adjectives (4.46%), 154 verbs (21.93%), 515 nouns (73.40%). 3.2.2.4. Characteristics of origin of constituents of Catholic compound words: The compound words with native Vietnamese constituents have a remarkable proportion with 337/702 units (accounting for 48.01%). Sino-Vietnamese originated compound words: 119/702 (16.9%), Hybrid compound words: 246702 words (35.04%). 3.2.3. Characteristics of Catholic denomination combinations 3.2.3.1. Reason of forming the Catholic denomination combinations: When words are not enough to denotes the concepts, the new linguistic units should be formed based on the available words to name them. Based on the structural characteristics, we call them denomination combinations. 3.2.3.2. Characteristics of word types and structural models of the Catholic denomination combinations: There are 302/358 noun-centered denomination combinations (84.35%); 37 verb- centered ones (10.33%) indicating ritual actions; 19 adjective-centered ones (5.30%) showing nuances or properties which were typical in the Catholic community activities. 3.2.3.3. Characteristics of origin of constituents of the Catholic denomination combinations: Of 302 noun-centered denomination combinations, 103 ones are made up of pure Vietnamese constituents, accounting for 34.10%; 29 ones had Sino-Vietnamese constituents, accounting for nearly 9.61%; 169 ones are composed of composite constituents, accounting for 55.96%. There are no constituents of the denomination combinations whose central component is an Indo-European originated verb and adjective. This ratio shows a high trend of use of pure Vietnamese words of the Catholic community when they are not under the pressure of borrowing religious concepts. 11 3.3. Semantic characteristics of the Catholic words in the prayer books of the Dominican order Dioceses in Viet Nam 3.3.1. Fundamental characteristics as a basis for denomination of the Catholic words 3.3.1.1. Characteristics of content and meaning of holding the religious ceremony: Including names of sacraments, prayers, rites in the liturgy and practice of popular morality, methods of praying, etc. 3.3.1.2. Characteristics of holder of the religious ceremony: The holder of the religious ceremony means the chair person, identical with the celebrant, for example: Cha giải tội (Confessor), Thày cả (Priest), etc. 3.3.1.3. Characteristics of action or gesture in the religious ceremony: In the Catholic ceremony, there are gestures accompanied by words and symbolic gestures, e.g.: Ăn năn đền tội (contrition and penitence), ăn năn tội (contrition) 3.3.1.4. Characteristics of target audience of the religious ceremony: The supreme object of Catholic ceremony is the God. Besides, Blessed Virgin Mary and saints are also sometimes targeted, e.g.: Chúa Dêu Cha (God the Father), Đức Mẹ (Blessed Virgin Mary), etc. 3.3.1.5. Characteristics of places where religious ceremony is held: Places of worship, training establishments, residence places, etc. of each religion have different characteristics, e.g: nhà thờ (church), nhà chung (common house), etc. 3.3.1.6. Characteristics of material elements in the religious ceremony: The material elements in the Catholic ceremonies are always symbolic, for example: Scent of fire symbolizes the prayer that radiates in front of the face of God, etc. 3.3.1.7. Characteristic of time of the religious ceremony: The Catholic worship of is arranged to be spread out to the rhythm of time, called the liturgical time, e.g.: giờ kinh sáng (morning prayer hour), Tuần Thánh (Holy week) mùa Chay (Lent), Năm thánh (Holy year), etc. 3.3.1.8. Characteristic of spiritual level in the religious ceremony: 12 We have identified the Catholic denomination words on the basis of the characteristics of the spiritual level in the religious ceremonies, such as: sốt mến (lovely), sốt sắng (eager), sảng sót (fail)... 3.3.2. Characteristics of classification based on semantics of Catholic words Based on the semantic content of lexical units, we have classified semantic categories as shown in Table 3.6. below: Catholic words by semantic categories Group of words Liturgy Philosophical and ideological concepts Designations of God and saints Organizational structure, dignitaries Normal Total Quantity 460 280 146 169 77 1132 Ratio 40.64% 24.73% 12.90% 14.93% 6.80% 100% 3.3.2.1. Liturgical and popular ethics words: occupy the highest proportion with 460/1132 units (40.64%), e.g.: Alleluia, Amen, ăn năn cách trọn (contrition), etc. 3.3.2.2. Words referring to the Catholic philosophical and ideological concepts: 169/1132 units (14.93%), such as: Anh sáng (light), Ba thù (Three enemies), Bảy mối tội đầu (Seven capital sins), etc. 3.3.2.3. Designations of God and saints: 146/1132 words, accounting for 12.90% of the total number of studied words, e.g.: Ba Ngôi (Trinity) Chúa Dêu Cha (God the Father), Tổng lãnh thiên thần (Archangel), etc. 3.3.2.4. Words indicating organizational structure and positions in the Catholic Church: 280/1132 words, accounting for 24.73%, e.g.: Y-ghê (The Church), Địa phận (Diocese), Giáo xứ (Parish), etc. 3.3.2.5. Common words used in the Catholic communion: 77/1132 words, (accounting for 6.80%), for example: Ăn lễ (Enjoy the feast), Ăn năn trở lại (Contrition and return), etc. 3.4. Sub-conclusion In terms of structure, the Catholic words in the prayer books are structured according to the Vietnamese word construction methods, including single words, 13 compound words and denomination combinations. The compound words accounting for the highest proportion (77.74%). The compounding method helps to borrow and create words to meet the needs of the Catholic communion in Viet Nam. The thesis has found that: the Indo-European originated single words accounts for the highest proportion (50.52%). These are original single words, denoting magnitude of direct borrowing from these languages. In contrast, compound words and denomination combinations of Native Vietnamese and hybrid compounds which account for a high rate (more than 48%) are created by the method of constructing Vietnamese words to create derivative words. In terms of semantics, the thesis has found 8 fundamental characteristics as the basis for denomination and 5 semantic categories of the Catholic words in the studied prayers. Chapter 4: CATHOLIC WORDS IN DAILY VIETNAMESE LANGUAGE 4.1. Introduction 4.2. Impacts of Vietnamization of the Catholic loan words 4.2.1. Influence of Vietnamese structure on Catholic loan words in terms of phonetics and writing: These impacts include monosyllabicization, e.g.: Deus (God) – Dêu, etc. ; adding tones, e.g.: Cruz – Câu rút (the Cross), etc.; Vietnamizing consonant combinations, e.g.: Bispo - Vítvồ; Vietnamizing vowel components: nasal vowel is processed into “ông” or “ong”, e.g.: Atrição /atrisõ/ - Ăn năn tội a-tri-song; Bênção - Phép Biên-song 4.2.2. Influence of Vietnamese structure on Catholic loan words in terms of semantics We have realized that there are words whose religious meaning remains unchanged, for example: Cha xứ (Pastor), đất thánh (holy land), Thiên Chúa (God), Dòng (Order), etc.; but there are also ones whose religious meaning is changed, for example: Xưng tội (Confession), which is a Catholic jargon, meaning “an act with which a layman confesses to a priest in a religious ceremony to have his/her sins forgiven” has 14 been transformed into “self-confessing to others (not in a religious ceremony and not for being forgiven”. 4.3. Involvement of the Catholic words in national language of Viet Nam through Vietnamese literatures 4.3.1. Involvement of the Catholic words in national language of Viet Nam through Vietnamese folk verses and proverb 4.3.1.1. Involvement of the Catholic words in folk verses and proverb describing working and production activities: Sentences with Catholic characteristics can be easily recognized. Lễ Rosa thì tra hạt bí Lễ Các thánh thì đánh bí ra (Apply the squash seeds in Rosa ceremony Dig the squash plants for growing in All Saints Day) 4.3.1.2. Involvement of the Catholic words in folk verses and proverb concerning love, marriage, family Amen, lạy Đức Chúa Trời Xin cho bên Đạo, bên Đời lấy nhau. (Amen, Oh my God Please let the christian and the gentile get married.) 4.3.1.3. Involvement of the Catholic words in folk verses and proverb concerning religious living Có thực mới vực được Đạo. (Fine words butter no parsnip.) Đi Đạo lấy gạo mà ăn. (Follow Catholics to get rice.) 4.3.1.4. Involvement of the Catholic words in folk verses and proverb concerning the living, society and how to treat others Em như một đóa hoa đào Mẹ cha muốn phước bắt vào nhà tu Trăm nghìn lạy Chúa Giêsu Nhà tu đừng hóa nhà tù giam em. 15 (You look like a bunch of peach blossom. Forced to stay at monastery by your father with the hope of all the best for you.But, God Jesus! Please don’t turn the monastery to a prison). We can see that the words that are Catholic jargons in the above fork verses have transcended the boundary of the liturgical language and entered the language of everyday life at a pretty high level of “non- jargonization” of folk verses - proverbs. 4.3.2. Involvement of the Catholic words in national language of Viet Nam through written literatures Through studying a number of selected works, we have found that the Catholic jargons enters the national language of Viet Nam in various aspects: Words referring to hierarchy, titles in the Catholics; words referring to the system of administrative and corporate levels in the Catholics; words referring to the system of the Catholic rituals and liturgies; Words referring to the system of religious facilities of the Catholic communion; Catholic words referring to Catholic objects; Catholic words referring to the system of Catholic philosophical and ideological concepts in daily Vietnamese language; words referring to the common activities of the Catholic communion. 4.4. Sub-conclusion Based on the organic relationship between language and religion, we have mentioned the activities of the Catholic words in daily Vietnamese language, in the following aspects: The impact of structure of Vietnamese on the Catholic loan words is called the process of Vietnamization of Indo-European originated Catholic words. These words are affected on all three aspects: phonetics, semantics and writing. The active participation of the Catholic words in the daily Vietnamese language is the process of “non-jargonizing” the Catholic words. The Catholic words that are considered jargons, were used only in a communion of special communication, has transcended their own boundary and transformed into the national language of Viet Nam, contributing to fulfilling the communication mission of the national language of Viet Nam, because they are all part of the Vietnamese language in general. This trend 16 indicates that the Catholic community in Vietnam is not a closed community but an open one like its Catholic (universal) nature. CONCLUSION There are few studies on the Catholic words in Vietnamese language currently. This thesis is in such a general context, so there are definitely many limitations. Targeted at the Catholic words in the prayer books of the Dominican order Dioceses in Viet Nam, we firstly wish to provide an overview of this group of words, then reflect partial characteristics of the Catholic words in Viet Nam which have not been included in many studies. For that purpose and with specialized methodologies, including surveying text, and linguistic description, and with the tactics such as: functional analysis, structure analysis, the semantic constituent analysis, reference analysis, statistics and classification, etc., we have surveyed and identified lexical units of the Catholic words in distinction with other classes of words; classified and described the linguistic characteristics of the Catholic lexical units; studied developments of these Catholic words in the daily Vietnamese language in general. Specifically, the thesis has reached the following findings: 1. On the theoretical basis of semantic vocabulary in general and semantic vocabulary in relation to religion, the thesis has located the Catholic words in the prayer books of the Dominican order Diocese in particular, Catholic words in Viet Nam in general in the Vietnamese system. This positioning is important because it shows the position and presence of a particular class of religious words in Vietnamese language that no one has done before. This positioning initially shapes or identifies characteristics and criteria for the study object not to be confused with the words of other classes and scopes. 2. Under the diachronic perspective, the Catholic words in the prayer books of the Dominican order dioceses in Viet Nam in particular, the general Vietnamese Catholic words have undergone a process of formation and development associated with the process of introduction and development of the Catholic communion in Viet Nam. The thesis has studied and identified two ways to form this group of words: borrowing and creating new words. 17 The borrowing is an important way, accounting for the highest proportion (about 78%) of lexical units, due to the need to spread the religious messages which requires introduction of Catholic concepts into Viet Nam which were not available in Viet Nam before that. The borrowing takes place in two aspects: Borrowing both form and content or borrowing content only. The first borrowing results in words that are received in their original and phonetical transcription modes. The second borrowing results in words that are received through calque. The majority of Catholic words borrowed in Vietnamese can be traced to deep roots because the Catholic vocabulary system in general is based on the three languages associated with the formation of this religion, the Hebrew, Greek and Latin, of which, Hebrew and Greek are the languages of the Bibles, Greek and Latin are the languages of the Catholic theology, philosophy and liturgy. In particular, Latin is the canonical language of the Catholic Communion. In addition, the thesis has also identified the direct origin of Vietnamese Catholic words that are intermediate languages of missionaries such as Portuguese and Spanish based on similar readings of their lexical units. Because of the importance of Sino-Vietnamese reading in the Vietnamese, the thesis has also discussed this type of units. We have also compared the Catholic words with a Sino-Vietnamese reading to Chinese Catholic words to see their connections. The comparison findings are surprising, this word class of two neighboring languages has almost no relation to each other. This is consistent with the independence in the history of Catholic evangelization into China and into Viet Nam. Appearance of the way of creating new words to form a class of Catholic words in the prayer books of the Dominnican order Dioceses in Viet Nam partly shows the autonomy, maturity and depth of the Catholic integration in Viet Nam. During the development process, the Catholic community in Viet Nam has created new entities and concepts, which results in failure to satisfy by borrowing, and causes the indigenous community to create new names to identify them. The ways to creating new words can be divided into two types of structures: The one that uses new forms to express new content, including creating a new sound shell to name a newly formed concept, compounding to create new words, shortening to create new words, both shortening and compounding to create new words, etc.; And, the one that uses existing forms 18 and materials to express new content, and known as the method of creating new words by meaning development. For the Catholic words in the studied prayers, the thesis has shown that creation of new words in this way is mainly to add new meaning to an existing word in Vietnamese, which can be a common term, but also a jargon of a certain religion or belief used in the Vietnamese language. Put the study findings concerning the ways of formation of the Catholic words in the prayer books of the Dominican order Dioceses in Viet Nam in comparison with the Buddhist jargon system in Viet Nam in particular and Vietnamese language in general, we have found that in addition to the similarities in the ways of formation, methods of borrowing if borrowing, methods of construction if creating new words, there is a major difference in the origin of the lending languages and usage level of words with Sino- Vietnamese reading. For example, for origins of the lending languages, the borrowed Buddhist jargons primarily originated from Asian languages, the borrowed Catholic jargons, in contrast, mainly originated from Afro-Asiatic and Indo-European languages, such as Jewish, Greek, Latin, Portuguese, Spanish, etc. There have been few studies so far concerning the Vietnamese loan words, of course including words borrowed from Buddhism and Catholicism, in terms of borrowing between Vietnamese language and Sanskrit through the Buddhist vocabulary system, between Vietnamese language and Latin, Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, Italian, etc. through the Catholic vocabulary system; Regarding the level of using words with a Sino-Vietnamese reading: while the general assumption believes that the Sino-Vietnamese words account for 60-80% of the Vietnamese words, in Buddhism, according to Le Thi Lam, Sino-Vietnamese words dominate 98.8% [60, p.142], the survey findings show that these words onl