Tiếng anh 11 - Word form

Date of preparing: 25/ 09/ 2011 Date of teaching: 05/10/2011 Class: 11B6 I- WORD FORM (PART OF SPEECH) -Trong tiếng Anh có 8 loại từ như: 1. Danh từ.(Noun) 2. Đai từ (Pronoun) 3. Động từ. (Verb) 4. Tính từ.(Adjective) 5. Trạng từ (Adverb) 6. Giới từ (Preposition) 7. Liên từ (Conjuntion) 8. Thán từ (Interjection) * Có 2 cách để phân chia từ loại là: A. Theo chức năng: (Function) 1. Sau động từ thường là trạng từ đi liền sau.(ngoại trừ một số động từ đi với tính từ như: get, become, feel, taste, smell, sound, look,….. “Động –trạng” 2. Sau đông từ “tobe” ta dùng tính từ “Adjective” “Be – tính” 3. Sau trạng từ “Adverb”đi liền sau là tính từ “Adjective” “Trạng – tính” 4. Đứng đầu mệnh đề hay cuối mệnh đề thường là trạng từ “Adverb” Eg: 5. Trạng từ “Adverb” thường đứng trước V-ed hay PP.3 “Trạng- V-ed/PP.3” 6. Sau giới từ thường là động từ ở dạng “V-ing” hay danh từ N. “Giới- danh/V-ing” 7. Sau mạo từ a-an-the từ cần điền là danh từ “N” nhưng trước danh từ sẽ là tính từ “Adj”. “Mạo- danh” “Mạo- tính- danh” B. Theo hình thức: Dựa vào các tiếp tố (affix) gắn với từ, nếu có. Nhờ đó chúng ta có thể ít nhiều đoán được ít nhiều từ loại của từ: a. Danh từ với những hậu tố như: -ist, -dom, -ness, -ship, --hood, -red: artist (họa sĩ) freedom (tự do) dramatist (nhà soạn kịch) wisdom (sự thông thái) darkness (bóng tối) hardship (nỗi gian truân) sweetness (sự ngọt ngào) friendship (tình bạn) b. Những động từ với đuôi: -ed, -ing, -en, -ize, -fy, -ate: changed (đã thay đổi) weaken (làm cho yếu) walked (đã đi bộ) sweeten(làm cho ngọt) modernize (hiện đại hóa) purify (làm cho tinh khiết) minimize (giảm thiểu) simplify (làm cho đơn giản) c. Tính từ với đuôi –ous, -ed, -en, -less, -ly, -full. Famous (nổi tiếng) talented (có tài) Continuous (tiếp diễn) learned (có học) Wooden (bằng gỗ) fearless (không sợ hãi) Woollen (bằng len) hopeless (không hy vọng) II- GERUND AND PRESENT PARTICIPLE A.GERUND Verb followed by gerund: Những động từ chỉ sắc thái tình cảm: like/ love/ enjoy/ hate/ dislike/ prefer. Những đông từ mang nghĩa : ( bắt buộc, tiếp tục, trì hoãn, kết thúc) như: Finish, keep, mind, postpone, suggest, consider, practise, delay, avoid, stop, give up, complete, continue, …….. Eg: I like fishing Expression with go V-ing: Go camping/ go dancing/ go shopping/ go fishing/ go swimming……………. Preposition + gerund Interesed in/ worry about/ go on/ carry on/ give up…………+V-ing Eg: I’m interested in reading books. 4. As the subject of the sentence: Reading helps you learn English. 5. As the complement of the verb “tobe” Eg: Her favourite hobby is reading. 6. After a number of “phrasal verbs” such as: To look forward to To give up To be for/against + V-ing To take to To put off To keen on Eg: I look forward to hearing from you soon. 7. In compound nouns. Eg: a swimming pool (it is a pool for swimming in) Bird-watching Train-spotting 8. After the expressions: Can’t help Can’t stand It’s no use/good + V-ing Can’t bear Eg: I can’t stand being stuck in traffic jams. It’s no use/good trying to persuade him. B. PRESENT PARTICIPLE: *V-ing: nhưng không phải là danh động từ mà vói chức năng của nó là tính từ. * Usage: 1. Để thành lập các cấu trúc của thì tiếp diễn. Eg: I am working. She is dancing. 2. Dùng để giới thiệu 1mệnh đề phân từ mang nghĩa chủ động trong trường hợp đồng chủ ngữ. Eg: Feeling tired, I went to bed. ( I felt tired, I went to bed) Eg: Finishing the dinner. Having dinner, she sat breathing. 3. Để nhấn mạnh hành động xảy ra trước và sau ta có thể dùng công thức sau để nhấn mạnh. Having + PP.3 Eg: Having had dinner, she sat breathing. 4. Diễn tả 2 hành động xảy ra đồng thời. Eg: She sat breathing. She went eating. He sat in the house, reading book. 5. Dùng với cấu trúc : there + tobe (mang nghĩa chủ động, nhấn mạnh hành động đã diễn ra) Eg: There are some children swimming in the river. III. PERFECT GERUND AND PERFECT PARTICIPLE. PERFECT GERUND: Form: Having + PP.3 (having seen, having worked……...) Use: Eg: He was accused of deserting his ship = He was accused of having deserting his ship. PERFECT PARTICIPLE: Form: Having + PP.3 (having done, having read……...) Use: “The perfect past participle” được sử dụng thay thế cho “the present participle” khi đồng chủ ngữ. Dùng để nhấn mạnh hành động xảy ra trước. Having + been + PP.3, …..clause Eg: She bought a bike and cycled home = Having bought a bike, she cycled home. *EXERCISES: Ex1: Complete the sentences, using the infinitive, gerund or present participle of the verbs in the brackets. 1. I can’t help (help)…………… worried about the situation in the Middle. 2. I think most people prefer (ride)……………..in comfortable cars to (walk)……………. 3. She loves (swim)………….. in the lake. 4. Don’t keep on (shout)……………. like that; you will wake up your mother. 5. I enjoy (rest)…………. Ih the afternoon after (try) ………………. To finish (do) ……………… my English homework. 6. It is easy (see) …………….animals on the road in daylight but sometimes at night it is difficult (avoid)……………….(hit) …………………them. 7. I caught him (climb)……………over my wall. I asked him (exlain) …………….but he refused (say)………………anything, so in the end I had (let)……………..him (go)………………. 8. It is pleasant (sit)……………..by the fire at night and (hear)………the wind (howl) ……………… outside. 9. There was no way of (get)………….out of the building except by (climb)…………………down a rope and Ann was too terrified (do)……………….this. 10. We heard the engine (roar)………………as the plane began (move)…………and we saw the people on the ground (wave)……………. goodbye. 11. It’s no good (write)………………to him; he never answers letters. The only thing (do)……………….is (go)…………………….and (see)……………… him. 12. Ask him (come) ……………….in. Don’t keep him (stand)…………….. at the door. 13. We watched the children (jump)………………..from a window and (fall)……………….. into a blanket held by the people below. 14. It is very unpleasant (wake)………………………up and (hear)……… the rain (beat)………………on the windows. 15. He saw the lorry (begin)…………………. (roll) ………………… forwards but he was too far away (do) ………………. Anything (stop)…….. it. Ex2: Rewrite the sentences replacing the italic part with a present participle or a perfect participle. 1. She was talking to her friend and forgot everything around her. 2. Since we watch the news every day we know what’s going on in the world. 3. They are vegetarians and don’t eat meat. 4. The boy asked his mother’s permission and then went out to play. 5. As he had drunk too much, he didn’t drive home himself. Ex3: Join each of the following pairs of sentences, using an appropriate participle (present, past or perfect) Eg: He got off his horse. He began searching for something on the ground. Getting off his horse, he began searching for something on the ground. I knew that he was poor. I offered to pay his fare. She became tired of my complaints about the programme. She turned it off. He found no one at home. He left the house in a bad temper. The criminal removed all the traces of his crime. He left the building. He realized that he had missed the last train. He began to walk. He was exhausted by his work. He threw himself on his bed. He had spent all his money. He decidedto go home and ask his father for a job. He escaped from prison. He looked for a place where he could get food. She did not want to hear the story again. She had heard it all before. They found the money. They began quarrelling about how to divide it. Ex4: Rewrite the following sentences, using an infinitive or a present participle to replace a relative clause. Eg: The first man that we must see is Tom. The first man to see is Tom. The people who wish to go on the tour are waiting in the lobby. The people wishing to go on the tour are waiting in the lobby. Minh is the last boy who leaves the boat. My son has a lot of books that he can read. My mother is in the kitchen. She has something that she has to do there. The children need a garden they can play in. The man who is waiting for the bus over there often shelters in my doorway. The boys who attend this school have to wear uniform. Bill, who wanted to make an impression on Ann, took her to the cave. Ex5: Fill in the blanks with appropriate word forms. Noun Adjective Verb Adverb 1. Difference different differ differently 2. ………… ………….. complete …………… 3…………. Beautiful ………….. …………… 4. decision ………….. ………….. ……………. 5. ……….. ………….. ……………. Deeply 6. ………. …………. Prohibit …………… 7. ………… emphatic …………… …………… 8. …………. …………….. free ………………. 9. origin …………….. ……………. ………….. 10. ………….. restrictive …………..... …………….