Tiểu luận English Synonym

Part A: Introduction “Lexicology” (from Greek LEXIS “word” and LOGOS “learning”) is the study of vocabulary items (also called LEXEMES) of a language including their meanings and relations (synonym, antonym, semantic field etc…) and changes in their form and meaning through time. Synonym itself is a small unit of lexicology. Despite of the tiny position, it has its own strength in English. Synonym is very common in all means of communication from informal to formal communication. In deed, I have been meeting many synonymous words when I read papers or watch television or listen to the radio. And the more I meet them, the more I find from them, its effect to a discourse or a programs. And sometimes I discover the very interesting thing from the time synonym takes its effect. I sometimes try to use synonymous in my tests of English, especially in Translating and Writing subject, and even in speaking skill, and the result seemed to be higher than usual. Thus, I make myself get accustomed to using this kind in each skill in English and up to now, I get the certain success from using it. Therefore, I chose synonym for my assignment in order to partly provide the essential information about synonym to the students, because I myself regard it as a very useful tool for the learners of English. Part B: Development I. Definition of synonym Synonym is one of modern linguistic’s most controversial problems. There are many different definitions on synonym by linguistics. Following are some of them: “Synonyms are words belonging to the same part of speech and possessing one or more identical denotational meanings, interchangeable in some contexts.”(Nguyen Manh Hung , 2003, p.71). e.g: answer/rejoinder/response/retort/reply Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (1991) gives a simpler definition: “Synonym/’sinәnim/(n):a word or a phase with the same or nearly the same meaning as another in the same language.” e.g : “buy” and “purchase” (verb) Finally, the web , has something the same again:“Synonyms are different words with identical or very similar meanings.” e.g : “freedom” and “liberty” (noun) To sum up, through the definition of synonym, from the inter-nation to Vietnam, and even Internet, synonymous words could be understood as the words or phrases with the same denotative meaning in a certain language and interchangeable in some contexts. II. Sources of synonyms II.1.Borrowings Many words were borrowed from Greek, Latin and French and they became synonyms to native words forming the synonymic groups. For example: Native English words Borrowed from French Borrowed from Latin To gather To assemble To collect Empty Devoid Vacuous To end To finish To complete II.2.Change of meaning Some words change their meanings to become synonyms of simple words. e.g: heart-love pen-writer II.3.Word-building II.3.1. Creation of phrasal verbs. e.g: to rise - to get up to get off the ground - to take off the round II.3.2.Conversion may also be a source of synonymy. e.g: laughter - laugh II.3.3.Quite often synonyms (mostly stylistic) are due to shortening. e.g: popular - pop bicycle - bike II.3.4: Synonyms are created by means of derivation and composition. e.g: deceptive - deceitful trader - tradesman III. Types of synonyms III.1.Absolute /territorial synonyms: words having the same denotational and connotational meanings. They are few in number. This is a result of borrowing and territorial synonyms. For example: British English American English team squad autumn fall lift elevator Team and squad refer to a set of players of forming one side in a game. Autumn and fall render the notion of the season between summer and winter. Lift and elevator have the same meaning of a machine that carries people up and down in a big building III.2.Semantic synonyms: words differing in terms of their denotation e.g: period - term - epoch - age Synonyms in the above group convey the sense of extending of time : Period: an extending of time of any length or for whatever purpose Term: a limited period of time Epoch: a period of timein history marked by remarkable changes or events Age: a particular period in history, sometimes centuries long, usually marked by a common feature III.3.Stylistic synonyms: words belonging to different stylistic layers, differing in terms of their connotation. e.g: policeman (neutral) - boby (colloquial) - cop (slang) father (neutral) - dad(colloquial) - daddy(colloquial , emotional) -Euphemisms: words or expressions synonymous to those denoting unpleasant notions or processes and sounding pleasant or basing on the desire not to hurt other people’s feelings. e.g: to die - to pass away, to depart this life, to close one’s eyes crisis - recession, slow-down, depression III.4.Semantic-stylistic synonyms: make up the majority of all synonyms in English - words differing both in denotational and connotational meaning. e.g: house (neutral) - shack (colloquial) - slum, pad (slang) Synonyms in the above group render diffentent connotational meanings: House: place for human habitation Shack: roughly built hut or cabin Slum: house unfit, run-out for human habitation Pad: lodging,flat III.5.Phraseological synonyms: words differing in their combinability e.g: do - make (to do exercises but to make money) language - tongue (native tongue but foreign language) Part C: Conclusion In order to use synonyms in the most effective way, the learners of English have to equip themselves a fundamental background of synonym, because everything begins to the basic ones. The learners, when having a good knowledge of synonym, can avoid the repetition of a word in a long passage or the misunderstanding in transferring ideas from mother tongue to target language and express their attitude in the colorful views. Basing on my own experience, I would like to introduce a method to help the learners use this tool as well as possible: -having a good knowledge of synonym, not only the definition, but also the other matters concern, such as: classification, source, etc… -remembering the synonymous words that everybody knows, do not use the words the listeners or readers do not know and do not understand. -using synonymous words when a word is repeated over three times for a short passage , and five times for a long passage (Emily Goodie , Talking and synonymy , 2002 , cited to , on March 21st 2006) To sum up, I would hope that the information mentioned in this assignment, could provide the learners of English with the principal and effective tool for mastering your English. References Books: 1.Crowther.(1991).Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. Oxford University Press 2.Dang Tran Cuong. (2001).Lectures on Lexicology. Tu sach Vien Dai hoc Mo Hanoi. 3.Nguyen Hoa. (2001).An introduction to semantics. Nha xuat ban Dai hoc Quoc gia Hanoi. 4.Nguyen Manh Hung.(2003).English Lexicology. Hanoi : Nha xuat ban giao duc Internet sites: 5. 6.