The southern Red River Delta includes three provinces: Thai
Binh, Nam Dinh and Ninh Binh with area of 4,600 km2 and a
population of 4.6 million people. Its tourism is a lot potential such as
famous scenic spots: Cuc Phuong, Tam Coc, Bich Dong, Trang An .
and beaches of Hai Thinh, Quat Lam, Tien Hai . Besides, these
provinces also preserved unique historical and cultural values like
relics of Bai Dinh, Hoa Lu, Co Loa, Keo pagodas . Particularly, on
October 13, 2008, UNESCO awarded the certificate of World
Biosphere Reserve for coastal wetlands of these three localities. That
recognition has initially impacted on changing the perception and
management approach of government, department and localities to
enhance the value and promote the advantages of this large wetland
area including tourism
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tourism
development among the goals towards sustainability. However,
sustainable tourism development is associated with specific, unique,
quality from that creates satisfaction of tourists needs, economic and
social benefits. Extensive integration with all countries has a
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significant impact on economic development in general, tourism
development in particular. Studying the impact criteria but authors put
them in the context of integration and globalization in a specific
tourist area. There is an agreement on the role of tourism sustainability
in the economy is the economic efficiency that tourism brings like
social stability and sustainable environment. “Sustainable tourism
development in Ninh Binh province in the present conditions”, the
author set a set of criteria for evaluating sustainable tourism
development of a province. It emphasizes the role and participation of
parties in sustainable tourism development in the present conditions.
1.2.3 Factors affect tourism development and tourism towards
sustainable development
There are a number of studies that have mentioned and analyzed
the factors affecting sustainable tourism development: “Sustainable
tourism”; “Sustainable tourism development in Phong Nha - Ke Bang
National Park”; “The role of provincial governments in sustainable
tourism development in Ninh Binh Province”; “Local state
management for sustainable tourism development in some central
provinces of Vietnam”. These referred to the role of the state
management agency in charge of tourism, especially inspection stages.
Then development solutions have been proposed by many topics, each
with specific characteristics of diffirent regions in “Scientific basis
and solutions for sustainable tourism development in Vietnam”. Bui
Thanh Toan (2018) [43] proposed the research model for sustainable
development for Phu Yen province in AEC.
1.3. Evaluation of research works
To begin with, this dissertation identified the basics of tourism,
tourism development, sustainable tourism, implications for sustainable
tourism development; the concept of sustainable development,
sustainable tourism development, tourism management ... There are
many different views both domestical and international dissertation.
Second, the hot trend is the countries focus on developing
tourism towards sustainable development. There are many different
experiences in the goal of developing tourism towards sustainable
development of some localities in Vietnam and countries around the
world.
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Thirdly, this dissertation analyzed and assessed the systematic
and sustainable nature of tourism. The role of sustainable tourism
development for the country, the region and the locality.
Fourthly, the situation of sustainable tourism development in
some provinces of Vietnam such as Lao Cai, Phong Nha Ke Bang,
Cuc Phuong National Park (Ninh Binh), of the Northeast, Western
Tourism regions, Tay Nguyen and North Central have been studied in
depth.
Fifthly, some sustainable tourism development solutions are
given: Planning, managing and organizing the implementation of
tourism planning; diversifing tourism products; investing in tourism
development; improving mechanisms and policies to attract the
efficiency of investment capital; improving the efficiency of tourism
resources.
CHAPTER 2. THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL BASIS ON
TOURISM DEVELOPMENT TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT
2.1 The concept of tourism
2.1.1 The concepts
Article 3 - Vietnam Tourism Law 2017: Tourism activities
related to trips of people outside their regular place of residence for no
more than 01 consecutive year to meet the needs of sightseeing,
relaxation, entertainment, exploration, discovery or other lawful uses.
From the above concepts, it is recognized that tourism is diversified
involving many objects such as tourists, transport, ... and many other
socio-economic fields in order to bring about economic, political and
social benefits for countries and localities. However, the impact of
tourism activities on localities and countries depends on many factors
such as: mechanisms and policies on tourism development, types of
tourism, tourism products and tourism resources of each region.
2.1.2 Features of the tourism industry
Firstly, tourism is a resource-dependent industry.
Secondly, tourism is an integrated business to serve the diverse
consumption needs of tourists
Thirdly, tourism is not only a business but also a service that
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must ensure the security, political and social safety needs of tourists,
localities and countries to welcome tourists.
Fourthly, the tourism industry is a versatile economic - social -
service sector. It is also true that ranking tourism as an economic
industry, a cultural and social branch.
2.2 Tourism development towards sustainable development
2.2.1 Sustainable development
2.2.2 Tourism development towards sustainable development
2.2.2.1 The concepts
At the 70th meeting in September 2015, 154 member countries
of the UN General Assembly adopted sustainable Development
Agenda through 2030. The program consists of 17 Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs) , including a number of important goals
such as eradicating poverty, protecting the planet, and ensuring
prosperity for all. In the tourism industry, UNWTO strives to link
tourism with global goals and actively contact governments, banks,
financial institutions and UN agencies to discuss and achieve
sustainable development goals, focusing on the 8 goals (Promote long-
term, open and sustainable economic growth, full and productive
employment and decent work for all), goal 12 (Ensuring sustainable
consumption and production models), goal 14 (Conservation and
sustainable use of oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable
development), in which tourism is typical and important.
2.2.2.2 The content of tourism development towards sustainable
development
“Tourism development towards sustainable development bases
on the rational and efficient exploitation of resources, it also ensures
the three sustainable attainment: economic, sociocultural and
environmental sustainability in the locality, the region and the
country, that has to meet requirements and principles of sustainable
development.”
The implication of sustainable tourism development is the
development process that has a close, reasonable and harmonious
combination of three aspects of development, economic sustainability,
environmental sustainability and social-cultural sustainability.
Environmental responsibility requires all sectors to identify and take
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interventions otherwise the environment is degraded in the future. The
tourism industry itself must know what to do to make tourism develop
more sustainably.
2.2.2.3 Criteria for assessing tourism development towards
sustainable development
Based on the reference of sustainable development criteria in the
United Nations and local sustainable development monitoring and
evaluation criteria for Vietnam from 2013 to 2020, the author chose
accordingly to form a system of general criteria for tourism
development towards sustainability.
An economic perspective: Location and scale of tourism,
economic benefits from tourism.
A cultural - social perspective: People's participation;
Livelihoods of local people, preserving the cultural and historical
value of the tourist destination.
An environmental perspective: Preserving tourism resources,
pollution reduction, conserve biodiversity, ecosystems and landscapes.
2.3 Factors affect tourism development and tourism towards
sustainable development
2.3.1 Socio-economic environment
2.3.1.1 Planning systems and policies of government
2.3.1.2 Local business environment
2.3.2 Support services
2.3.3 Human resources
2.3.4 Cooperation activities in tourism
2.3.5 Tourists’ the satisfaction and needs
2.3.6 Promote tourism development
2.3.7 Impacts of climate change, international economic integration
and industrial revolution 4.0
2.4 Experience in tourism development towards sustainability
This dissertation explores domestic and international
experiences including the South Central Coast (Vietnam), Annapurna-
Nepal Conservation Area, Thenmala- India, Koronayitu- NewZeland.
The dissertation draws some lessons: Firstly, fFully aware of
sustainable development. Secondly, to formulate a suitable tourism
development strategy for the region and the province. Third,
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organizational management is unified and specific. Fourth, mobilize
all resources for tourism development investment. Fifth, the
participation of local communities is very important in sustainable
tourism development strategy. Sixth, training high quality human
resources. Seventhly, localities must have a suitable plan to promote
tourist sites. Eighth, rational exploitation of resources and
environmental protection is the responsibility of the state
management, local residents and tourists.
CHAPTER 3
CURRENT SITUATION OF TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN
SOUTHERN RIVER DELTA’S PROVINCES TOWARDS
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
3.1 Tourism potential in southern Red River Delta’s provinces
3.1.1 Overview of south Red River Delta’s provinces
3.1.1.1 Natural features
The southern Red River Delta includes three provinces: Thai
Binh, Nam Dinh and Ninh Binh with area of 4,600 km2 and a
population of 4.6 million people. Its tourism is a lot potential such as
famous scenic spots: Cuc Phuong, Tam Coc, Bich Dong, Trang An ...
and beaches of Hai Thinh, Quat Lam, Tien Hai. Besides, these
provinces also preserved unique historical and cultural values like
relics of Bai Dinh, Hoa Lu, Co Loa, Keo pagodas ... Particularly, on
October 13, 2008, UNESCO awarded the certificate of World
Biosphere Reserve for coastal wetlands of these three localities. That
recognition has initially impacted on changing the perception and
management approach of government, department and localities to
enhance the value and promote the advantages of this large wetland
area including tourism.
3.1.1.2 Socio-economic features and tourist space
The three provinces of southern Red River Delta are planned in
the northern coastal economic region with various types of terrain and
142 km coastline. Its provinces have great potential tourism with long
and beautiful beaches, long historical sites and unique natural
landscapes. After more than 30 years of renovation, the economy of it
has witnessed a strong change and development. In recent years,
tourism has contributed significantly to provinces’ economic
12
development. Besides, many old tourist sites have been exploited and
new places have been built which create a unique attraction for it.
3.1.2 Tourism potentials of southern Red River Delta’s provinces
3.1.2.1 Natural tourism potentials
3.1.2.2 Cultural tourism potentials
3.2 Situation of tourism development in southern Red River
Delta’s provinces towards sustainability
3.2.1 An economic perspective
3.2.1.1 Position and scale of the tourism industry
a) Tourism in local economic policy
(1) Tourism in southern Red River Delta’s provinces is
increasingly being affirmed in terms of potential, location, image, and
quality on Vietnam's tourism map.
(2) The tourist sites are located in favorable locations, many
places border between neighboring provinces, that is convenient for
sightseeing, travel and links.
(3) The tourist sites are interspersed with residential areas not far
from the city center.
b) Tourism growth
Tourism growth is fast and continuous (at about 18.78%), which
is much higher than the GRDP growth rate in general and the service
sector growth rate in particular. Tourism plays an important role in
local economic development.
c) Shifting in the tourism industry’s structure
Tourism support services are insufficient and weak, specific
products are lack, entertainment areas and additional services need to
be plentiful. In the investment structure of the southern Red River
Delta, there is no foreign direct investment project in tourism but only
projects with domestic investment, most of which is state capital.
3.2.1.2 Economic benefits from tourism
a) Contribute to GRDP and other industries
In 2010, the added value of the tourism industry accounted for
0.57% GRDP, in 2018 it reached 1.5%. The contribution of tourism in
the GRDP is small, compared to with the position and potential of of
provinces’ tourism (in the whole country, tourism contributed about
5.9% GDP).
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b) Tourism labor
Along with the rise of the tourism industry, tourism labor saw
dramatic increases. Localities and tourist attractions have attracted and
addressed employment needs for the community, for workers from
other localities and industries.
c) Tourists
Domestic tourists to the southern Red River Delta’s provinces
accounted for more than 90% from 2005 to 2018, an increase of of
12%. The majority of domestic tourists to the southern Red River
Delta is to Ninh. Bình (over 70%). Although Ninh Binh is one of the
biggest tourist attractions in the country the southern Red River
Delta’s provinces attracts the lowest tourists in the tourist areas (at
only 1/3 of the central sub-region and ½ of the Northeast coastal
subregion).
d) Tourism revenue
In 2010, the total revenue from tourism in the southern Red River
Delta’s provinces reached 979,927 million VND. This figure rose to
4,486,000 million VND in 2018, and this was over three times. In the
coming years, the total tourism revenue of this region will increase,
contributing positively to the socio-economic development.
e) Travel service prices
Hotel prices, tickets at tourist destinations are also not higher than
some tourist destinations in Hanoi and neighboring provinces.
f) The spending level of tourists
The current average expenditure of the southern Red River
Delta’s provinces is mainly for accommodation, meals and
transportation. Travel service, guide groups to visit scenic places,
caves, pagodas... still accounts for a low proportion of the total
revenue. There are a variety of reasons to explain. Firstly, the number
of tourists often visit during the day. Secondly, the stay time is not
long. Those affected the total revenue of the tourism industry.
3.2.2 A social - cultural perspective
3.2.2.1 Livelihoods of local people
a) Jobs in the tourism industry
Similar to the tourism industry, labor in the tourism industry
increased considerably between 2005 and 2018. Localities and tourist
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attractions have attracted labor needs for their community, other
localities and industries. However, the total number of employees
participated (both directly and indirectly) in tourism in the southern
Red River Delta’s provinces remained below 5% in 2018 - the
proportion is much lower than tourism potential.
b) The figure of local labor involved in tourism
When tourism developing, local labor’s career has changed
significantly, many poeple quit traditional jobs (mainly agriculture)
and turned to tourism services such as motels business, restaurant,
travel guide. With households works in handicrafts, tourism helps
them create more motivation for production development, especially
creating unique products which attaches the local traditional breath.
c) Local people’s income
Through the interview, the households who answered the better
income regularly participated in tourism activities in the provinces.
People’s income in the three provinces has increased considerably
from 2005 to 2018. The average local people's income in 2018 was
was over three times higher than those of 2005.
3.2.2.2 Preserving cultural and historical values at tourist sites
a) The conservation of monuments
The southern Red River Delta’s provinces are still exploiting and
researching to restore and conserve relics. In parallel, the provinces
submitted documents to the Ministry of Culture to verify, evaluate and
rank the relics at different levels, that hepls them mobilize and allocate
capital from investors combining local people’s preservation.
b) The number of traditional festivals and crafts villages is preserved
The number of festivals in the southern Red River Delta’s
provinces is very large, so the provinces have exploited to serve
customers. The festivals show poeple’s richness of the spiritual life in
provinces, those are also a great resource for managers to plan local
development policies. But it is also important to preserve and promote
the cultural identity and tradition.
3.2.2.3 Participation of the people
a) Forms of citizen participation in tourism activities
People's participation in tourism activities such as renting
houses, eating and drinking goods, souvenir, taking photos,
15
participating in management around tourist sites (parking,
participating in comments...).
b) Local people’s the level of satisfaction and cooperation
3.2.3 An environmental perspective
3.2.3.1 Preserving tourism resources
a) Density tourist destinations
In general, the density tourism destinations the southern Red
River Delta’s provinces is relatively dense with a full range of
cultural, historical, and monuments mixed with natural landscapes.
b) Number of planned tourist areas
The southern Red River Delta’s provinces had a comprehensive
and detailed planning for many tourist areas and destinations. Ninh
Binh had the planning for Trang An, Tam Coc-Bich Dong, Van Long,
Kenh Ga-Van Trinh and Bai Dinh pagodas ... Thai Binh had the
planning Con Vanh beach and Keo Pagoda area. Nam Dinh planed the
tourism area of Xuan Thuy National Park, Tran cultural and historical
relics complex ...
c) The proportion of contribution to the conservation and protection of
environmental resources
70-80% of the fee are retained for local, 20% is remitted to the
state budget.
3.2.3.2 Minimizing pollution
In the southern Red River Delta, there are a national park, a
Ramsar site, a World Heritage Site and a world heritage site. The
"hot" development of tourism, especially in the peak season,
environmental and tourist capacity overload, which affects the plants
and behavior of the animals in the tourist areas.
a) Water power
Due to people’s perception in the use of fertilizers, pesticides,
industrial wastes, domestic wastes causes water pollution.
b) Waste is collected and treated
The arrangement of trash systems and garbage collection bags in
urban centers, tourist resorts and residential areas is inadequate and
not suitable for waste classification. Only a few operating businesses
have standardized waste collection and treatment system.
c) Air environment
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Environmental pollution in trade villages is being alarmed in
provinces, especially Thai Binh and Nam Dinh. Some air pollution
sources like construction, means of transport, especially vehicles
carrying sand, bricks and stones, construction materials, craft villages,
exhaust gas from air-conditioning system ... with gas and dust
concentrations excesses allowed level such as CO2, CO, NO2, NO ..
3.2.3.2 Conserving biodiversity, ecosystems and landscapes
a) Degradation levels of the tourist landscape
The urbanization process has had a significant impact to the
tourism landscape and nature. This greatly affected the space and
tourism environment. In addition, the use of some monuments does
not function, role and purpose in some tourist sites, leading to damage
and degradation.
b) Consumption of rare animal products
The survey results show that no store sells wildlife products as
souvenirs and decorations (such as the use of animal skins, horns,
teeth and claws).
* Overall assessment of the level achieved according to the
criteria of tourism development towards sustainability
There are 17/25 targets that have not yet reached the
sustainability criteria, combining with with the results of surveys and
assessments of the objects on tourism development towards
sustainability (most of the answers got an average score of 3-3,4/5)
shows that tourism development in southern Red River Delta’s
provinces has not been sustainable.
3.3 Situation of factors affecting tourism development towards
sustainable developmnet in southern Red River Delta’s provinces
3.3.1 Institutional and policy environment
3.3.1.1 Planning system and policies of the state and local authorities
The three provinces of southern the Red River Delta have had
valid plans about tourism development. For example, No. 3562 / QD-
UBND, September 9, 2017 of Thai Binh Provincial People's
Committee, approving the Planning on development of Thai Binh
Tinh tourism to 2025, orientation to 2030 and No. 1501 / QD-UBND,
September 1, 2011 of the People's Committee of Nam Dinh province,
approving the economic-technical report on the planning project of
17
Nam Dinh tourism development up to 2020, with a vision to 2030. On
August 30, 2018, the People's Committee of Ninh Binh province
issued No. 1124 / QD-UBND, approving the Master Plan for tourism
development in Ninh Binh Province up to 2025, with orientations to
2030.
3.3.1.2 Collaboration among agencies in tourism management
The state management about tourism has come into the system
with coordination between all levels, sectors, localities, businesses and
residents into tourism activities. Besides, There is the coordination
and participation of security forces to ensure safety and civilization for
tourist areas and destinations.
3.3.1.3 Participation of the community and stakeholders
In fact, the local people's contribution to tourism planning and
management is still very few. They are lacking in information about
tourism projects, so they have not really participated in the project
implementation and monitoring process.
3.3.1.4 Local business environment
In past several years, southern Red River Delta’s provinces have
made many changes and efforts to create a stable and healthy business
environment, in order to attract a large number of businesses to
participate in business and development local tourism.
3.3.1.5 Investment for tourism development
Three provinces have not had foreign direct investment projects
in tourism. This is also the general situation of some neighboring
provinces. The majority of development investment comes from the
state. Attracting other sources of capital for investment in developing
infrastructure for tourism still faces many difficulties because investors
are less interested in investing in tourism infrastructure.
3.3.2 The support services
3.3.2.1 The infrastructure
According to the tourists’ assessment about the quality of
infrastructure in three provinces: roads, Internet and communications,
electricity and water are good, but the point for the quality of the road
system is highest. Survey results show that good and very good 69.2%
are for the quality of roads, 58.8% for information quality, 59.28% for
electricity quality, 59.8% is devoted to water quality. However, the
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current rapid expansion of the information network, tourists want the
provinces to improve the quality of the Internet and communications
to connect domestically and internationally easier and faster.
3.3.2.2 Support services
a) System of material and technical facilities for tourism
The survey results of tourist about the quality of material
facilities - tourism techniques in three provinces are average and good.
b) Ancillary service system
Tourists assessed the quality of ancillary services: the health
system reached 3.38 points, the bank reached 3.37 points, that means
the quality of ancillary services reached an average level (over 56% of
visitors rated the quality of the health system as average, banking
services were rated at more than 60). Therefore, in the coming time,
the provinces need to increase the quality of ancillary services,
especially health services and banking to increase the tourists’
satisfaction.
3.3.3 Human resources
The tourism labors in southern Red River Delta’s provinces has
increased sharply over the years from 2005 to 2017 (2,143 and 10,658
respectively). But the percentages of tourism workers who are trained
professionally is still low. The quality of training labor is still limited,
they do not meet the requirements professionalism, management skills
and service quality.
3.3.4 Tourism cooperation
Since Tourism Association established, it has been on
strengthening the organizational structure and mutual a
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