Housing support policies for ethnic minority people in the Northwest region

ture Chapter 1: Research overview Chapter 2: Theoretical and practical basis of housing support policies for ethnic minority people Chapter 3: Research methodology Chapter 4: Characteristics of the locality and the housing situation in the Northwestern ethnic minority region Chapter 5: Housing support policies for ethnic minority people in the Northwest Chapter 6: Solutions to improving housing support policies for ethnic minority people in the Northwest 6 CHAPTER 1: RESEARCH OVERVIEW 1.1. Research overview on housing and housing support policies for ethnic minority people 1.1.1. Research overview on housing 1.1.2. Research overview on housing support policies for people in ethnic minorities areas (i) The study focuses on gathering experiences and practices of policies in all over the world (ii) The study focuses on housing policy implementation 1.1.3. Research overview on factors influencing planning and implementation of housing support policies for ethnic minority people (i) Policy making (ii) Policy implementation 1.2. Research overview on housing support policy assessment in general and for ethnic minorities in particular 1.2.1. Research on assessment of the impacts of housing policy 1.2.2. Research on population satisfaction with the quality of public and housing services 1.2.3. Studies related to assessment of the policy for the Northern ethnic minority areas 1.3. Research gap On the basis of an overview of previous researches, it can be found that: (i) Studies of policy analysis on the Northern ethnic minorities are quite diverse, but there remains a shortage of research on the housing support policy for people in the ethnic minority areas in general and in the Northwest region in particular. (ii) Studies of policy analysis on the Northern ethnic minorities mostly limit to analyzing the current situation and the implementation criteria, conducted with the main methods which are theoretical methods and descriptive statistics. There have been researches of policy analysis based on the accessibility and satisfaction of people with the services, but the impact of the policy on the improvement of people's lives has not been investigated. Moreover, people's satisfaction with the implementation of the policies at all levels of local authorities has not been 7 studied, while this is an important reflector of the results and the effectiveness of policy implementation. (iii) Both domestic and oversea existing studies of housing policy mostly focus on case studies (lesson of experiences) on housing policy implementation for people with difficult circumstances (low-income people, ethnic minorities...) and mainly assess the quality of housing services in terms of housing characteristics, rent, living environment... However, there still lacks studies focusing on housing support policies, at the level of policy planning and implementation and beneficiaries' opinions on the policy implementation process. (iv) In addition, studies on the assessment of people's satisfaction with the quality of public services are limited to the evaluation scale of the quality of public service implementation. They lack the assessment of the engagement role of the people in the implementation of public services, as well as the degree of policy response in terms of living improvement, income improvement, and access to policy. These are the reasons why it is necessary to research HTNO policies for ethnic minority people and help fill in the gaps left by previous research works. CHAPTER 2. THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL BASIS OF HOUSING SUPPORT POLICY FOR ETHNIC MINORITY PEOPLE IN THE NORTHWEST 2.1. Ethnic Minority Areas and Ethnic Minority People 2.1.1. Ethnic minority 2.1.2. Ethnic minority areas 2.1.3. People in ethnic minority areas 2.2. Housing support policy for people in ethnic minority areas 2.2.1. Concepts and foundaions for forming housing support policies for people in ethnic minority areas 2.2.2. Objectives and principles of the housing support policy for ethnic minority people 2.2.3. Subjects of housing support policies for ethnic minority people 2.2.4. Policy content 2.3. Basis for policy analysis and evaluation 2.3.1. Approaches to public policy evaluation 8 2.3.2. Criteria to policy evaluation 2.4. International experiences in housing policy for the low-income 2.3.1. The USA 2.3.2. Wales 2.3.3. France 2.3.4. Singapore 2.3.5. Japan 2.3.6. Lessons for Vietnam CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1. Research framework 3.1.1. Framework for evaluation of housing support policy for ethnic minorities in the Northwest The thesis proposes this research theoretical framework as follows: Figure 3.1. Framework for evaluation of housing support policy for ethnic minorities in the Northwest Source: Synthesized and demonstrated by the author 9 3.1.2. Models, scales and hypotheses on the factors affecting the satisfaction of people in ethnic minority areas with housing support policy 3.1.2.1. Research theoretical model The policy's goal is to help people have a better life, safer living conditions and more sustainable development. To evaluate these critaria, it is impossible to base solely on subjective opinions of the local authorities. Instead the evaluation must be measured by the level of people's satisfaction and policy beneficiaries. The higher people's satisfaction, the more effective the policy is. Therefore, in order for the policy to be more wholy implemented, to better meet the needs and the aspirations of the people, it is necessary to identify the factors that affect people's satisfaction, to provide grounds for proposing and building solutions. The thesis determines the factors and the degree of influence of these factors on the satisfaction of people in the Northwestern ethnic minority areas with housing support policy: Figure 3.2. Model of factors affecting the satisfaction of people in the Northwest region with housing support policy 3.1.2.2. The scale The scale of the variables in the model is explained in Table 3.1 10 Table 3.1. Interpretation of the scale, the basis and the hypotheses on the impact of the variables Variable Interpretation Basis for selecting the variable Nhóm đặc điểm hộ sản xuất Hailong People's satisfaction with the policy, measured by a 5-level likert scale Canter &Rees (1982), Parasuraman et al. (1988), Le Duc Niem & Truong Thanh Long (2017) gioitinh The sex of the head of household equals 1 if the head is male, and 0 if the head is female Onibokun (1974), Galster (1987), Varady et al. (2001) tuoi Age of the head of the household Onibokun (1974), Van Praag et al. (2003), Vera Toscano & Ateca- Amestory (2000) dantoc The ethnic composition of the head of household equals 1 if the head is of the Kinh ethnic group and 0 if the head belongs to another ethnic group Onibokun (1974), Jagun et al. (1990), Lu (1999) giaoduc The education level of the head of household equals 1 if the head is at high school or higher, otherwise 0 Onibokun (1974) ctxh If the head of household is a member of political – social groups then the variable is 1, if the head is not a member a political – social groups, then the variable is 0 Onibokun (1974) Kc Distance from home to commune center, measured in kilometers Onibokun (1974), Nguyen Dinh Hung (1999) honnhan Marital status of the head of the household equals 1 if the head is married, equals 0 if the head is unmarried Onibokun (1974), Galster (1987), Varady et al. (2001) htro Household receiving support equals , not receiving support equals 0 Proposed by the research context ictb Income change thanks to the policy is measured by the difference between the income before and after the policy is in place, unit: million dong Feeman (1998), Varady et al. (2001) caithien The level of household improvement after implementing the housing Proposed by the research context 11 Variable Interpretation Basis for selecting the variable support policy: equals 1 if less, equals 2 if not changing, equals 3 if there is improvement but not much, equals 4 if significantly improved tiepcan Level of accessibility improvement to housing / residential land. Measured using a 5-level likert scale Proposed by the research context TD The people's assessment of the attitude of government officials. Measured using a 5-level likert scale Pham Thi Hue & Le Dinh Hai (2018), Pham Thanh Dau & Dang Thanh Ha (2019), Le Duc Niem & Truong Thanh Long (2017) NL The people's assessment of the capacity of government officials. Measured using a 5-level likert scale Pham Thi Hue & Le Dinh Hai (2018), Pham Thanh Dau & Dang Thanh Ha (2019), Le Duc Niem & Truong Thanh Long (2017) TG People's assessment of people's engagement in the policy. Measured using a 5-level likert scale Le Duc Niem & Truong Thanh Long (2017) QT People's assessment of housing support policy implementation procedures. Measured using a 5-level likert scale Pham Thi Hue & Le Dinh Hai (2018) DU People's assessment of the response to the policy content. Measured using a 5-level likert scale Phan Thi Dinh (2013), Nguyen Dinh Hung (2019) T People's assessment of policy implementation time. Measured using a 5-level likert scale Pham Thi Hue & Le Dinh Hai (2018) CK People's assessment of the transparency of the policy. Measured using a 5-level likert scale Nguyen Thi Tram Anh & Nguyen Dinh Manh (2017) Source: Synthesized by the author 3.2. Research methods 3.2.1. Data collection methods 3.2.1.1. Collecting secondary data Secondary data are collected and synthesized from publications such as: National Statistical Yearbook and Yearbooks published by the Northwestern 12 provinces, summary reports on policy implementation by the Ministry of Planning and Investment, the Committee for Ethnic Minorities, etc. In addition, secondary data are also collected through magazines, journals, mass media, the Internet ... 3.2.1.2. Collecting primary data a. Qualitative research Sample size: The number of interviewees was 30: 05 officials at relevant ministries and central departments; 15 local government officials in the two provinces where the research was conducted and some provinces in Northwestern ethnic minority areas; 10 people living in the Northwestern ethnic minority areas in the Northwest, thus grasping the difficulties and problems in implementing the housing support policy for ethnic minority people in the Northwest. The content of the interview includes two parts: Information of the interviewee and the content of the interview (Housing support policy for ethnic minority people, advantages and disadvantages of the implementation, advantages and disadvantages of access to support policies ..) b. Quantitative research Research sample ● Criteria for sample selection The thesis selects a research sample based on the following criteria: (i) Households living in Northwestern ethnic minority area that are subject to the housing support policy and have received support from the policy. (ii) Households living in Northwestern ethnic minority area that are subject to the housing support policy and have not received support from the policy (yet). ● Sampling method The thesis performs stratified random sampling through three steps: Step 1: Select the sample by location and by household. In terms of location, based on the scope of the poor households and the level of difficulty in terms of housing and residential land, the thesis chose research sites in Dien Bien and Lai Chau. In each province, the thesis selected two districts from which 2 communes with a large number of households that needed assistance were surveyed. Specifically: (i) Dien Bien: Quai Cang and Quai To in Tuan Giao District, together with Xa Nhe, Muong Dong and Tua Chua were selected as study sites. ii) Lai Chau: Mu Sang and Si Lo Lau in Phong Tho district, together with Ta Tong and Ta Ba in Muong Te district were selected as study sites. 13 Regarding sampling of households: Based on the list of poor households receiving housing (residential land) support under the Decisions 134, 1592, 2085, 755 of the communes, the thesis selected the households by simple random sampling method (simple random sampling) according to the journey of the author. Step 2: Determine the sample size With 95% confidence, the overall size of over 10,000,000 households, according to Nguyen Thi Tuyet Mai et al. (2015), the sample size is determined to be 384 observations. Of which 192 households (50%) were entitled to the support policy and 192 households were eligible for support but did not receive support from the policy. In fact, to ensure the sufficient number of collected questionnaires, the thesis has surveyed on a total of 430 questionnares, and the number collected questionnaires reached 415. After checking the number of the collected questionnaires, only 401 were satisfied. Therefore, the actual sample size is 401 observations. Proceed with data collection The thesis collected data using direct questioning method: which households received support and which did not receive support from the housing support policy in the selected research sites. The interviews and questionnaires survey with households in Dien Bien and Lai Chau provinces took place from December 2018 to December 2019. 3.2.2. Data analysis method 3.2.2.1. Descriptive statistical analysis method 3.2.2.2. Group mean comparison method (i) DID - Difference in Differences on the impact of HS policy on: (i) income of households before and after the policy was in place and (ii) cross difference between the group of households receiving support and the other not receiving support. (ii) Differerence comparision in the levels of improvement in living standard/access to material basics between the two groups of households that received support and did not receive support after the policy was implemented. (i) Differerence comparision in the perception assessment of policy content and implementation of the two groups of households that received and did not receive support. (ii) Differerence comparision in the perception assessment of the levels of participation in the HS policy of the two groups of households that received and did not receive support. 14 (iii) Differerence comparision in the levels of satisfaction between the two research groups of households 3.2.2.3. Factor analysis method The thesis uses the method of exploratory factor analysis (EFA) to calculate variables using perceptual scale (measured by likert) employed in the research model. 3.2.2.4. Regression analysis method Assessing satisfaction and determining factors affecting the satisfaction of ethnic minority people in the Northwestern region with HS policy are one of the research objectives of the thesis, so the regression analysis method is used to estimate the impact of these factors on people's satisfaction. The model is as follows: Y = βo + β1X1 + β2X2 + β3X3i+ ... βnXni + ei In which Y is the dependent variable, depending on variables X1, X2, X3 ... Xn. In this model, Y is the variable representing the assessment results of the HS policy, through measuring the levels of people's satisfaction with the HS policy. X1, X2, X3 ... Xn are independent variables affecting the dependent variable, the cause of impact on variable Y. Coefficient βo is the Y-Intercept of the model, coefficients β1, β2, β3 βn are determined through the estimation model, reflecting the impact levels of factors on Y. 3.3. Research data Table 3.2. Description of the data in the research sample Quota Average Standard deviation Min Max Dien Bien (%) 45.6 0.4986 0 1 Lai Chau (%) 54.4 0.4257 0 1 Male head of the household (%) 83.04 0.3757 0 1 Age of the head of the household (years old) 37.05 9.324 18 66 Kinh people (%) 3.49 0.1837 0 1 People with high school education and above (%) 1.99 0.1400 0 1 Members of socio-political organizations (%) 64.08 0.4803 0 1 Married (%) 98.75 0.1111 1 6 Distance to the center of the commune (km) 9.71 2.6736 8 20 Households that received support (%) 47.13 0.4998 0 0 Source: Extracted from survey results (2018-2019) 15 CHAPTER 4. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE AREA AND HOUSING SITUATION OF ETHNIC MINORITIES IN THE NORTHWESTERN REGION 4.1. Natural and socio-economic characteristics of the Northwestern ethnic minority areas 4.2. Current housing and residential land situation of people in the Northwestern ethnic minority areas 4.2.1. House size Table 4.1. House area per capita by economic region Unit: m2/person House area per capita by economic region 2014 2016 2018 Red River Delta 23.2 24.6 26.6 Northeast 20.45 21.3 22.76 Northwest 14.65 15.8 16.93 North and Central Coasts 20.6 21.6 23.1 Central Highlands 18.5 19.7 21.1 Southeast 22.7 22.5 23.5 Mekong River Delta 21.4 22.2 24.1 Source: General Statistics Office (2019). The level of home ownership of people in the Northwestern region is low with many people being homeless and it is necessary to support the people in this area, especially the ethnic minority people. 4.2.2. Housing situation According to the General Statistics Office (2019), ramshackle and makeshift houses in the Northwestern region in recent years has been on the increase, of which the proportion of makeshift houses has increased by more than 3.4%, among the top highest compared to other regions of the country. In addition, according to the latest results from the census of population and housing (as of April 1, 2019, of the Central Population and Housing Census Steering Committee (2020)), the proportion of households with ramshackle houses in the Northwestern region has increased to 19.8%, ranking highest among the 7 regions of the country. 16 4.2.3. Need for housing and residential land support 4.2.3.1. Need for housing and residential land of poor ethnic minority areas nationwide 4.2.3.2. Need for housing and residential land of the Northwestern ethnic minority people Over the past years, a large number of people in the Northwestern ethnic minority areas do not have houses and residential land (CEMA, 2019). Table 4.2. Need for housing and residential land of the Northwestern ethnic minority people Unit: Household Period Need for residential land Pursuant to 2011-2015 8037 755/2013/QĐ-TTg, 2016-2018 2660 2085/2016/QĐ-TTg Source: CEMA (2017,2019) 4.2.3.3. Cause of the shortage of housing and residential land in the Northwestern ethnic minority areas Actual investigation revealed a number of reasons for the shortage of housing and residential land in the Northwestern ethnic minority areas: (i) Small area of owned house (land) and natural disasters’ destruction; (ii) Land selling and transferring to high-income earners or people from other places; (iii) Existing nomadic practices; (iv) Changes in population due to planning, redistribution or free migration, which affects the residential land bank; (v) Rapid increase in the population of ethnic minorities; (vi) Decrease in land bank due to acquisition for infrastructure construction and socio- economic development; (vii) Natural disasters (earthquakes, floods ...). CHAPTER 5. HOUSING SUPPORT POLICIES FOR THE NORTHWESTERN ETHNIC MINORITY PEOPLE 5.1. Housing support policy-making 5.1.1. The necessity of HS policy for the Northwestern ethnic minority people 5.1.2. The content of HS policy for the Northwestern ethnic minority people 5.2. Policy implementation 5.2.1. Assignment of policy implementation tasks 5.2.2. Mobilization of resources for implementing HS policy for the Northwestern ethnic minority people 17 5.2.3. Evaluation of HS policy implementation at the local level 5.3. Results of implementing housing support policies in the 2011-2018 period 5.3.1. Results of housing and residential land support for ethnic minority people Results of housing and residential land support for ethnic minority people For the Northwestern ethnic minority areas, in the period 2011-2015, the number of households that received residential land support was 0 while over 8000 households in the Northwestern region were in the need of residential land support but could not have the access to it. The results of support for housing, residential land and production land in the period 2016-2018 are still in the capital allocation process, and the Decision No. 2085 is still in the implementation stage, so the implementation results in terms of the number of households receiving support have not been recorded. Table 5.1. Results of housing and land support for ethnic minority people in the Northwestern region Period Residential land Note Need (Household) Support result Number Percentage 2011-2015 8037 0 0 Pursuant to 2016-2018 2660 Pursuant to Source: Synthesized and calculated by the author from MPI (2019), CEMA (2019) 5.3.2. Results of capital support for housing and residential land need In the period 2011-2015, the amount of support capital was 397,874 million VND, equivalent to 17.81% of the capital support and loan needs of the people here.Over 80% of households have unmet need for loans (capital support) for residential land. So far th results of capital allocation in the period 2016-2018 have only achieved 0.355% and Decision No. 2085 is in the implementation process. Table 5.2. Results of capital support for ethnic minority people in the Northwestern region Period Need (million VND) Support result Note Number Percentage 2011-2015 2,234,022 397,874 17.81 Pursuant to 755/2013/QĐ-TTg 2016-2018 2,971,487 10,571 0.355 Pursuant to 2085/2016/QĐ-TTg Source: Synthesized and calculated by the author from MPI (2019), CEMA (2019) 18 5.3.3. Results of the inspection and evaluation of the HS policy implementation Some results from the monitoring and supervision found that: (i) the investigation, review, synthesis of the support needs and project support, formulation and approval of localities are unrealistic and inadequate, causing difficulties in implementation; (ii) The management and use of the allocated funds of some localities are ineffective, failing to serve the right objects and take the right forms of support, exceeding the prescribed level (Lai Chau (CEMA, 2019)); (iii) At the locality, the inspection, supervision, and information report are not timely, inadequate, causing difficulties for consultation, guidance and administration; (iv) Construction supervision, use management, repair and maintenance have not been carried out regularly, so some projects, after being invested and put into use, were quickly damaged, degraded and rendered ineffective. 5.3.4. Assessment of the accessibility of housing support policy for the Northwestern ethnic minority people 5.3.4.1. The coverage and responsiveness of the HS policy for the Northwestern ethnic minority people (i) Results of the policy’s coverage - accessibility The ability to access residential land, capital and loan support of the Northwestern ethnic minority people in the period 2011 - 2015 (the results shown in Tables 5.13 and 5.15) is 0% and 17.81. Thus, in the period 2011-2015, no households in the Northwestern ethnic minority areas had access to residential land, and only 17.81% of households had access to capital support and loan support from the government’s housing support policy. This rate shows that the accessibility of the housing support policy for the Northwestern ethnic minority people is very low. (ii) Survey results of people on the extent of improvement in access to housing and residential land after HS policy implementation Table 5.3. Extent of improvement in people's access to housing (residential land) after HS policy implementation Basic material Househol Househ Difference Access to 2.363 3.449 1.086*** Source: Author's survey 5.3.4.2. Barriers to accessing HS policy of the Northwest for the Northwestern ethnic minority people 19 5.3.5. Satisfaction of the Northwestern ethnic minority people with the HS policy 5.3.5.1. Survey results of the satisfaction of the Northwestern ethnic minority people with the HS policy Table 5.4. Satisfaction of the Northwestern ethnic minority people with the HS policy Content Househ olds without support Househ olds with su