Researching the participation of rural residents in the construction of new rural areas in the Red River Delta

is continues to solve the following issues: Firstly, theoretically: Supplementing and clarifying the theory of rural residents' participation in new rural construction, focusing on clarifying issues: 7 concept, role, level of participation; content, and mode of participation of rural residents in new rural construction. Secondly, practically: - What is the actual participation of rural residents in the Red River Delta in the process of new rural construction? - The results and limitations and causes limiting the participation of rural residents in the construction of new rural areas in the Red River delta; - Considering the relationship between the participation of rural residents and the results of new rural construction in the Red River Delta. CHAPTER 2: THE THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL BASIS OF THE INVOLVEMENT OF RURAL RESIDENTS IN NEW RURAL CONSTRUCTION 2.1. Theory of application for research 2.1.1. Theory of involvement From the fundamental theory of the step of citizen participation in the Arnstein 1969 study, later studies have been applied to the study to provide a theoretical basis through the practice of participation in many fields. The difference of social life and the concept of participation is that people participate in all aspects of social life equally within the framework of the law; They have access to, share information, discuss, discuss and participate in the decision-making process, and contribute resources to implement that decision. 2.1.2. The theory of "stakeholders": If managers value stakeholders in the concept of stakeholders, it is successful to organize the implementation of issues in the management that will succeed and grow more sustainably (Fontaine, 2006). Any stakeholder is more listened to and engaged as much if they have higher prominence. In the national target program of new rural construction, stakeholders can be named rural residents, local governments, 8 organizations, and economic units stationed in the locality, etc. In which rural residents have the role of a host-they are both subject to performance, both the subject of development benefit, if they are valued, more listened to, and participated in many (highlights), the results of the program will be higher and more sustainable. Therefore, the application of stakeholder theory to highlight the participation of rural residents in implementing the new rural construction program in an active, dynamic. Facilitate and help them to perform well the central role of rural development. Among the stakeholders to the new rural building process, rural residents are central to requiring special attention to this subject because their involvement has a huge influence on the results of new rural criteria. 2.1.3. Theory of Collective Action: The theory of collective action is referred to as the synergy of many individuals involved in certain work to form collective action for the common good of the collective (Tarrow 1988, Sandler 1992). This is one of the theories that can explain the participation of rural residents to form collective action when they perform work for the benefit of the community. In the process of new rural construction in Vietnam, rural residents' involvement is considered as collective action as they perform the work, the criteria in the new rural construction. Because the new rural criteria are aimed at the comprehensive development of rural areas, these criteria relate to the rights and obligations of rural residents. They work together to effectively implement production plans. Helping each other products safely and preserve environmental sanitation. Implementing sustainable production links; develop reasonable and modern rural infrastructure and effectively exploit production activities and people's daily life, etc. 2.2. The theoretical basis of new rural construction and participation of rural residents in new rural construction 9 2.2.1. New rural concept and new rural construction 2.2.2. Participation of rural residents in new rural construction 2.2.3. Methods of participation of rural residents in new rural construction 2.2.4. The content of rural residents participating in the implementation of the criteria in the new rural construction 2.3. The practical basis for the involvement of rural residents in the new rural construction 2.3.1. Practical involvement of Rural residents in some new rural models in the world 2.3.2. Practices of rural residents' participation in the process of building new rural areas in some localities in Vietnam 2.3.3. Experience lessons for the new rural building process in the Red River delta region - Promote the internal strength of the people to implement the criteria in the process of new rural construction, the rural residents need to be involved in building planning, deciding on the type of construction, which project needs a priority to advance, publicly discuss, design decisions and supervision of construction and testing of works. - Vocational training for rural workers, transfer of technical advances, new breeds, science technology to help farmers increase crop and livestock productivity, build specialized commodity areas, develop products to increase revenues import, and support the expansion of stable and sustainable agricultural consumption markets. - It is necessary to create favorable conditions to encourage the participation of rural residents themselves in the work of new rural construction. They must be truly owned. Practical benefits of rural residents must be cared for and created mechanisms to help them proactively develop their economy, protect the ecological environment, develop infrastructure and improve the cultural and spiritual life in a healthy way. - Need to promote self-reliance, initiative, and creativity of rural residents. These characteristics enable rural residents to participate more 10 fully, accurately, and responsibly to create good collective actions in implementing new rural construction criteria related to their interests. - Need to raise awareness about the role of rural residents in building new rural areas. They are the center, the ones who directly implement and directly benefit and play a decisive role in the effectiveness of the implementation of the criteria and the sustainability of the national target program on new rural construction. CHAPTER 3: SITE CHARACTERISTICS AND RESEARCH METHODS 3.1. The natural and socio-economic conditions of the Red River Delta affect the participation of rural residents 3.2. Research methods 3.2.1. Approach and analytical framework a. Approach: The thesis has used the following main weighing method: - Access to policies and institutions: Through the study of guidelines and policies related to the participation of rural residents in new rural construction. - Participatory approach: Participatory research, exchange, and surveys of households and management staff to collect and assess the participation of rural residents in rural construction. - Territorial approach: Studying the participation of rural residents in the construction of new rural areas in different territories of the Red River Delta, focusing on communes that have built new rural areas for comparison of the similarities and differences in the participation of rural residents in the construction of new rural areas between territories. b. Analytical framework Inherited the scale of the participation of previous studies, the author is expected to interview questions, conduct an interview directly with the organizational experts, implement the new Rural Building Program (Chairman, vice-Chairman of the commune's committee) and the households according to the questions on the questionnaire have been designed for information including: 11 3.2.2. Information collection and processing methodology - Data: Research data is collected from two sources: secondary data sources are collected from reports, research results, officially published data of specialized agencies/units; Primary data sources were collected by the author through interviews and surveys within the scope of the thesis. Collecting secondary Data: The figures are gathered from published materials such as Documents of the new Rural Coordination Office, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, year of statistics, collected through works that have been published on the internet, etc Deep interview: The author selects the Non-probability sampling (as a judgment) to identify the subject to participate in the study. But the pre- defined sample selection criteria and strict adherence to the standards should mistake can be minimized. In this study, the provinces of Thai Binh, Nam Dinh, Ha Nam, Hung yen, Hai Duong have conditions to develop similar rural areas, so the authors choose Thai Binh as Representative; Ninh Binh Participation of rural residents - Receive and share information - Discuss, discuss and make decisions - Resource contributions - In supervisory activities - Implement planning criteria - Implementing the criteria of socio-economic infrastructure - Implementing economic criteria and organizing production - Implementing the criteria of landscape, environment, and safety in production Results of new rural construction: - Family economy, income after the new rural construction process - Rural infrastructure after the new rural construction process - Lifestyle and landscape of rural environment after new rural construction (Long et al., 2009) - Rural residents’ satisfaction level of results achieved in new rural construction 12 and Vinh Phuc have a similar, more complex terrain, which is harder to develop in rural infrastructure, so the author selects Ninh Binh as Representative; Hanoi and Bac Ninh have relatively flat terrain, so the author selects Hanoi as representative; Quang Ninh and Hai Phong have conditions for developing rural areas similar to the author of Quang Ninh province as a representative to get more survey vouchers in Quang Ninh for quantitative research. In qualitative research, the author directly contacts and interview 10 Chairman, vice-Chairman of the commune's committee in 3 provinces and cities (Thai Binh, Ninh Binh, Hanoi) is the management and organization officer, implementing a new rural building program in the commune to understand about the participation of rural residents and 20 households in different communes has reached new rural in 3 provinces, cities (Thai Binh, Ninh Binh, Hanoi) (interviews that take place from January 01/2017 to January 06/2018). Each interview takes from 30-45 minutes. Through the interviewing process, the author brings new ideas and findings from previous interviews into the next interview. Finally, discovery ideas are used by the author for data analysis. The author stopped the interviewing activities when there were no new ideas about the participation of rural residents in building new rural areas. Thus, with the analyzes obtained from the review of previous studies combined with qualitative research practice, the author has generalized the descriptive variables of rural population participation and the results description variables. New rural construction is as follows: Table 3.3: Descriptive variables of rural residents' participation in new rural construction Variables Symbol Interpretation Based on select variables Rural residents receive information TN Through attending the meeting; leaflets; media; commune and village officials Hourdequin, 2012; Qualitative research Proactively explore and listen to explanations about new rural construction Proactively receive full information about 13 Variables Symbol Interpretation Based on select variables new rural construction. Rural residents contribute their opinions. YK Contribute comments on rural planning schemes Finsterbusch 1987; Day, 1997; Qualitative research Opinions on rural infrastructure development, etc Comments on product development plans, etc Discuss, discuss contribution level Voting on contents of new rural construction of the commune Rural residents contribute to resources. VC Contribute the land Finsterbusch 1987; Qualitative research Donate money Contribute labor days Other Forms Rural residents participate in monitoring. GS Exercise right to direct supervision in the process of new rural construction Conrad 2011; Danielsen 2009; Qualitative research Join local organizations to exercise supervision Exercise right to supervise through the delegates of the People's Council Rural residents participate in improving livelihoods. SK Participate in agricultural, forestry, and fishery extension classes. Ellis 2000; Cramb 2004; Aref 2011; Saidu 2014; Mak 2017; Qualitative research Join the consolidation and exchange of plots to develop production Improve sustainable production (conversion of suitable crops and livestock) Application of science and technology in production Linking and actively consuming agricultural products Rural residents participate in activities to create landscapes and environmental sanitation. MT Use clean water Gomez, 2002; Aylett, 2010; Qualitative research Implement safety in production and processing of agricultural products; food safety, etc Use sanitary toilets, create landscapes. Garbage collection and general hygiene Table 3.4: Descriptive variables on new rural construction outcomes Variables Symbol Interpretation Based on select variables Results of new rural construction KQ The family economy has had many changes and increased incomes. Bachmann 2007; Long et al., 2009; Laah 2013; Nkwake 2013; Looney, 2015; The rural infrastructure is fully developed and more convenient. 14 The village is cleaner, more civilized. Chen, 2016; Qualitative research Rural residents are satisfied with the results achieved in new rural construction. Survey: Based on the list of households and the suggestion of the commune leaders, the author chose the owner over 18 years old, understand Vietnamese, and could take time to answer the questionnaire. Authors choose to combine both forms of direct and indirect voting: Direct investigation forms, appointment time for the answer slip. Indirect form, send the inquiry by mail to the homestay (accompanied by funding to send the courier back). With the way to set up the questionnaire to AutoFill, the information obtained is quite adequate and the response rate is high, meet the requirements of obtaining 384 of the expected investigation slip. From the documents and data collected, the thesis uses SPSS software (software supporting primary data processing and analysis) to process data for analysis. Sampling in quantitative research: After the interview process in qualitative research to study the participation of rural residents in the construction of new rural areas in the Red River Delta and reaffirmed the scale reviewed from the previous study. The author continues to apply the modeling formula of Hair et al. 1998 to achieve 95% accuracy as N = Z2(pq)/e2 = 1,962(0,5*0,5)/0.052 = 384 observations, Inside: N: Sample size Z: Standard deviation with an acceptable level of confidence (95%) p: The estimated value of changes in the overall (50%) q: 100 - p e: The wrong number allowed (5%) The author applied a sample of 384 households to ensure it could be interpreted as an indicator of the overall index with a 95% confidence level. There are two groups of sampling methods, probability, and non-probability. Methods of probability sampling include simple, systematic random selection, class selection, cluster selection. Non-probability sampling methods include convenient sample selection, sample selection according to subjective evaluation, sample introduction. However, due to limited time and resources, 15 the author uses a convenient sampling method, which means selecting objects that are accessible in representative communes in four provinces (Thai Binh, Ninh Binh, Ha Noi, Quang Ninh) in the Red River Delta, different from the above-interviewed communes for the purpose of obtaining a wide range of respondents and other respondents. survey questionnaire. 3.2.3. Methods of information analysis a. Qualitative analysis method Data collected from the interviews are coded into topics, the concepts are repeated many times until saturation to discover and supplement observation variables following theoretical models and practical conditions. Based on a reference to the scale of people's participation in previous studies combined with the use of qualitative research methods in-depth interviews on the status of participation of rural residents in new rural construction In the Red River Delta, the thesis offers some additional assessments on the scale of rural residents' participation in new rural construction. b. Quantitative analysis method - Descriptive statistics - Comparative statistics - Test the quality of the scale The survey model has 6 independent groups of factors measuring the participation of rural residents with 24 observed variables, and 01 dependent factors measuring the results of new rural construction with 4 observed variables. Cronbach's Alpha method is used to evaluate the reliability of the scale, the results of running Cronbach's Alpha have 7 scales that ensure good quality with 28 characteristic variables (Appendix 1), in which: Cronbach's Alpha value of the representative variables are greater than 0.6 and less than 0.95 so the questions of the scale do not have duplication in measurement, proving that these scales are of good quality. - Analysis of discovery factors Through Cronbach’s Alpha test analysis, the model has 7 quality assurance scales with 28 characteristic variables summarized in Table 3.5: 16 Table 3.5: Typical variables and good quality scales Order Scale Featured variable Cronbach’s Alpha of the scale 1 TN TN1, TN2, TN3 0.748 2 YK YK1, YK2, YK3, YK4, YK5 0.767 3 VC VC1, VC2, VC3, VC4 0.642 4 GS GS1, GS2, GS3 0.670 5 SK SK1, SK2, SK3, SK4, SK5 0.602 6 MT MT1, MT2, MT3, MT4 0.655 7 KQ KQ1, KQ2, KQ3, KQ4 0.777 Source: author calculations on SPSS Based on the results of testing this scale, the author continues to use SPSS performing the Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) analysis. Cronbach's Alpha test Results No variables were eliminated, the model also had 6 quality scales with 24 characteristic variables included in the EFA test to measure 6 elements. The author evaluators The suitability of the model with the actual data through the KMO test. In the first EFA run, the extracted variance value was 70.5% and 8 factors had Eigenvalue ≥ 1, KMO = 0.668, Sig = 0.000 <0.05 so the observed variables are linearly correlated with the factor face. However, at a rotating matrix table during the first EFA run, there are three observations as VC3, VC4, SK5 does not guarantee the discrimination (Measured in 2 factors and does not guarantee a difference in the load factor from 0.3 or higher), so these 3 variables must be removed (Appendix 2). The second EFA run (after eliminating 3 observed variables VC3, VC4, SK5), KMO = 0.680 (Table 3.5), there are 7 factors extracted at Eigenvalue is 1,071 and the total variance extracted is 69,536%. Thus, KMO satisfies the condition that 0.5 <KMO <1 means that the exploratory factor analysis (EFA) method is suitable for real data. In particular, 69,536% of the change of factors is explained by the observed variables in the model (Appendix 3), Sig = 0.000 <0.05 so the observed variables are linearly correlated with the representative factor. (Table 3.6). 17 Thus, the results of the discovery factor analysis show that the observations in the first 6 factors have converged in 7 factors and the characteristic variables have factor load coefficient in the range of 0.685 - 0.856 (Appendix 4) (Satisfying the condition that the selected value should be greater than 0.3 with the sample size> 350) (Dinh Phi Ho, 2011). Factors from 1 to 5 are not disturbed, so they retain their names as in the original model are YK, VC, TN, SK, and GS. Factor 7 named "rural residents involved in creating landscape and environmental sanitation activities" (MT), which is an MT3 observation, MT4. Particularly factor 6 is a new factor with 02 observations from the variable "rural residents involved in creating landscape and environmental sanitation activities" in the environmental criteria in new rural construction. The author named this factor "safe in production and processing of agricultural products; food safety, etc” (AT) includes observation of MT1, MT2. Through a quality inspection and analysis of the discovery factor, the author identified 7 scales representing the participation of rural residents, and 1 scale representing the new rural construction results with a total of 25 specific variables are summarized in Table 3.7. Re-testing Cronbach’s Alpha of the new 7 factors results in a value greater than 0.6, so the scale is evaluated with good quality, meaning that the new factors ensure the reliability of the scale (Appendix 5). Thus, the results of the second-factor analysis, there are 7 factors achieving convergence and discriminant values with high load coefficients (in the range of 0.618 - 0.883) satisfying the condition that the load coefficient must be greater than 0.5 (Appendix 4). - Regression analysis 18 To identify the relationship between the participation of rural residents and the results of new rural construction, the overall correlation model has the form: KQ = f (F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6, F7) In which KQ is a dependent variable; F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6, F7: Independent variables. Considering the relationship between the independent variable from F1 to F7 and the dependent variable (results of new rural construction), the author performed by linear regression equation: KQ = b0 + b1F1 + b2F2 + b3F3 + b4F4 + b5F5 + b6F6 + b7F7 + ei In particular, variables put into in regression analysis are determined by calculating the factor Scores. For independent variables, SPSS is available in Data View when analyzing the second discovery factor (after eliminating bad variables), resulting in the data view in the interface as Appendix 6, in which: FAC1_1 is F1, FAC2_1 is F2, FAC3_1 is F3, FAC4_1 is F4, FAC5_1 is F5, FAC6_1 is F6, FAC7_1 is F7 was calculated according to the factor score calculation. For the dependent variable KQ, the author also calculates the score by calculating the factor score and gets the dependent variable result in the data view interface as in Appendix 7, in which: FAC1_2 is the KQ that has been calculated by the factor score calculation. Perform multivariate regression analysis in SPSS to test the relationship between the participation of rural residents and the results of new rural construction in the Red River Delta Region. CHAPTER 4: THE STATUS OF PARTICIPATION OF RURAL RESIDENTS OF THE RED RIVER DELTA IN NEW RURAL CONSTRUCTION 4.1. The situation of new rural construction in the Red River Delta Region 4.2. The status of participating methods 19 4.2.1. The status of the participation method of rural residents of the Red River Delta Region 4.2.2. The status of participation method of rural residents at the survey points 4.3. The status of participation in the implementation of the new rural construction criteria of rural residents of the Red River delta (participation content) 4.3.1. Rural residents participate in the implementation of new rural planning criteria. 4.3.2. Rural residents participate in the implementation of criteria for socio-economic infrastructure. 4.3.3. Rural residents participate in the implementation of economic criteria and production organization. 4.3.4. Rural residents participate in the implementation of criteria for landscape, environment, and production safety. 4.4. The relationship between the involvement of rural residents with new rural construction results From the actual study of the participation of rural residents in the new rural construction and the results of running t