Studying the diversity of the vascular flora in Phia Oac – Phia Den national park, Cao Bang province

(2010), Kumar, K.M.P. et al. (2012), Maria M. Romeiras et al. (2016), Yuanjun Zhu et al. (2019). 1.1.4. Studies of endangered and rare plants The IUCN Red List of threatened species was published in 1964. It provided comprehensive assessments about the conservation and diversity of animals and plants entire world. It is used as a set of criterion to measure the endangered species (or subspecies). The IUCN Red List of threatened species also has been updated and changed regularly over the years 2006, 2007, 2008, 2012, the IUCN Red List of threatened species - 2019 latest update of threatened species. It means people have taken an interest in conservation activities long time ago, especially in developed countries, the national parks and protected areas are established in a while. Vietnam already has had specific programs and actively actions in the conservation and development of rare, precuois and endemic plant species. 1.2. Studies on diversity of the flora in Vietnam Researches on plant resources of our country has been in a long time. When the French colonialism invaded Vietnam, the French scientists have explored our natural resources (including plant resources) in order to exploitation. Therefore, plenty of researches on plants have been conducted by scientists. 1.2.1. Studies on the composition of taxons in the Vietnam's flora 5 In regards to the flora of Vietnam, the domestic and foreign scientists have published a great deal of well - known publications such as Loureiro, 1793, Pierre (1880 - 1888). These famous works are basic information for assessing of the diversity Vietnam's plants species from the 20th century to the present. "Flore générale de l'Indo-Chine" by Lecomte H. et al (1907 - 1952) is a famed work which is used as a manual research about plants by Vietnamese and foreign botanists. "Flora of Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam" (1960 - 2018) that was initiated and edited by Aubréville. et all have already published 36 volumes, including 83 vascular plant families. In addition, many other researches were published, for instance: "Vietnamese plants" by Pham Hoang Ho (1999 - 2000); the List of vascular plant species, volume I was published by VNU Central Institute for Natural Resources and Environmental Studies (CRES) (2001); Nguyễn Tiến Bân (chief editor) (2003, 2005) the Magnoliophyta plant list Ngọc Lan (Magnoliophyta) wass published; volumes II, III and some works was pulished by Phan Ke Loc (1970) and Tran Dinh Ly (chief editor) et al. (1993, 2006), 21 volumes of Vietnamese lice plant were published (2000-2017) by Le Tran Chan et al. (1999), Joongku Lee, Tran The Bach et al. (2011), etc. 1.2.2. Studies on life forms species There are some studies on life forms species in Vietnam, for example: Thai Van Trung, 1978, also applied the principle of Raunkiaer, 1934 when he divided the life forms species of the flora of Vietnam. Le Tran Chan, 1990 used the approach of Raunkiaer (1934) to divided the flora into 5 main life groups when he studied the flora of Lam Son, Hoa Binh province. Vu Thi Lien, 2005, separated lifeforms plants in vegetation after shifting cultivation in Son La based on Raunkiaer's classification scale in 1934. 6 Althought there are many different mehtods to classify life forms thus far, they often used the Raunkiaer classification in 1934 to established the spectrum standard of lifeforms flora. 1.2.3. Studies on geographic factors and endemic species Studies on geographic factors are often in the same research about life forms species such as by Nguyen Nghia Thin, 2007; Thai Van Trung, 1978, etc. Le Tran Chan, 1990 arranged 10,193 plants species into 20 geographical factors. 4 elements of the 20 factors are related to endemism such as northern endemic, central endemic, southern endemic, and endemic Vietnam’s species. 1.2.4. Studies on endangered, precious and rare plants The most important document that fully published endangered precious and rare plant species in Vietnam up to now was the "Vietnam Red Data Book, 2007". The Government has issued Decree 160/2013 / ND-CP and Decree No. 06/2019 / ND-CP replacing Decree No. 32/2006 / ND-CP in order to manage endangered, precious and rare plants species. 1.3. Studies on diversity of the flora in Cao Bang province and Phia Oac - Phia Den National Park. There are some studies on diversity of the flora in Cao Bang province like Le Vu Khoi (2003), Nguyen Huu Tu. et al (2009), Tran Cong Khanh (2012). There are few research about plants in Phia Oac - Phia Den National Park. According to Tran Thi Thu Thuy, La Quang Do, Nguyen Quang Hung, 2014, the composition of rare and endangered plants species are divided 33 species belongs to 27 genera, 20 families belonging to 3 different plants branches in the Phia Oac - Phia Den Nature Reserve. 7 Thus far, there is no complete and systematic research about the diversity of flora in Phia Oac - Phia Den National Park, Cao Bang province. 1.4. Natural and socio-economic conditions of Phia Oac - Phia Den National Park, Cao Bang Province - Phia Oac - Phia Den National Park has total natural area about 10,593.6 ha, including 8,146.6 ha of natural forest land in 05 communes: Thanh Cong, Quang Thanh, Phan Thanh, Hung Dao and TT. Tinh Tuc has geographical coordinates: + From 22o31’44 '' to 22o39’41 '' Northern latitude; + From 105o49’53 '' to 105o56’24 '' Eastern longitude. - The population is approximately 33,628 people including: Dao ethnic group accounts for 48.62%, Nung ethnic group accounts for 23%, Tay ethnic group 14%, Mong ethnic group 10% .. CHAPTER 2 SUBJECTS, CONTENTS AND METHODS RESEARCH 2.1. Object and scope of the study The high level of vascular plant species in Phia Oac - Phia Den National Park, Cao Bang province. 2.2. Contents of the research 2.2.1. Establish data about the high level of vascular plant species in Phia Oac - Phia Den National Park. Establish complete and systematic the high level of vascular plant species in Phia Oac - Phia Den National Park until the end of the study. 2.2.2. Evaluate the diversity of taxon at sector, class, family and genus - the level diversity of sector - The proportion of 2 layers in Ngoc Lan sector - The diversity of family - The diversity of genus 2.2.3. Evaluate s the diversity of life forms species 8 2.2.4. Evaluate the diversity of geographical factors 2.2.5. Evaluate the diversity of using value 2.2.6. The diversity of endangered, precious and rare genetic sources Plant species are listed in the Vietnam Red Data Book (2007), IUCN - 2019 Red List, Decree 06/2019 / ND-CP of the Government, Decree 160/2013 / ND-CP of the Government. 2.2.7. Propose solutions for conservation and development of plant diversity species 2.3. Research Methods 2.3.1. Inherited method and expert – opinion technique Collect documents and data related to the diversity of flora in Phia Oac - Phia Den National Park, Cao Bang province. Expert – opinion technique will assist some plant species identification. 2.3.2. Research methods for diversity of the flora. Applying the method of Nguyen Nghia Thin in the works "Research methodology in plant science" (2007) and "Flora and species diversity of plants" (2004), Gary J. Martin (2002). 674 specimen of Phia Oac - Phia Den National Park flora were collected during the research process. All of the above specimens are kept at the Plant Department, Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources (details in Appendix 1). 2.3.3. Data processing methods - Identify the templates and create the list: based on sets of the domestic and foreign flora. - Plant catalogues system: Plant lists are arranged according to the criterion of the "Checklist of Plant Species of Vietnam" (2001, 2003, 2005). - Analysis methods of variety of plant taxon grade: + Assess the diversity of taxons at sector and class. + Assess the diversity of species at genera and families. 9 - Analysis of diverse plant geographic factors: based on Nguyen Nghia Thin, 2007, Le Tran Chan et al., 1990. - Analysis worth using of plant species: research, inherited documents and data of previous studies. - Analysis the diversity of endangered precious and rare plant genetic resources: According to Red data book of Vietnam, 2007, Decree No. 06/2019 / ND-CP, Decree 160/2013 / ND-CP, IUCN-2019 Red List . - Assess the diversity of life forms species: Applying the Raunkiaer standard in 1934 with the revision of Nguyen Nghia Thin, 2007. A specific item in the thesis is using Microsoft Access software to the processing and analysis of database systems. The data in the thesis is processed and analyzed on Microsoft Access software. CHAPTER 3. RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 3.1. Diversity of the flora in Phia Oac - Phia Den National Park, Cao Bang province 3.1.1. Diversified of the flora at sector A total of 1448 species and lower species belong to 754 genera and 204 plant families of 6 vascular plant branches in Phia Oac - Phia Den National Park: Pine needles branches (Psilotophyta): 1 species, 1 genus, 1 family; Ground pine branch (Lycopodiophyta): 8 species, 4 genera, 2 families; Pen tower grass branch (Equisetophyta): 2 species, 1 genus, 1 family; Ferns branch (Polypodiophyta): 130 species and lower species, 72 genera and 24 families; Pine branch (Pinophyta): 17 species, 10 genera and 6 families; Ngoc Lan branch (Magnoliophyta): 1290 species and lower species, 666 genera, 170 families. Ngoc Lan branch has two layer (Ngoc Lan layer (Magnoliopsida) is 1072 species, accounting for 74.03% compared to the Hanh layer (Liliopsida) has only 218 species, accounting 10 for 15.06% of the total number of plants and lower plants species of the flora). During the research process, there are several notable results as follows: - 01 new species are discovered, described and illustrated to science: Nhi thap cao bang (Staurogyne caobangensis D.V. Hai & Joongku Lee) of the O ro family (Acanthaceae). - 232 species of higher vascular plants are supplemented to the flora in Phia Oac - Phia Den National Park, Cao Bang province. Table 3.1. The diversity of taxon of the flora in Phia Oac - Phia Den National Park, Cao Bang Province T T Taxon sector Vietnamese name Fmailies Genus Species Am oun t % Am oun t % Am oun t % 1 Psilotophyta Pine needles branches 1 0,49 1 0,13 1 0,07 3 Lycopodiophyta Ground pine branch 2 0,98 4 0,53 8 0,55 2 Equisetophyta Pen tower grass branch 1 0,49 1 0,13 2 0,14 4 Polypodiophyta Ferns branch 24 11,76 72 9,55 130 8,98 5 Pinophyta Pine branch 6 2,95 10 1,33 17 1,17 6 Magnoliophyta Magnoliopsida Liliopsida Ngoc Lan branch Ngoc Lan layer the Hanh layer 170 146 24 83,33 71,57 11,76 666 558 108 88,33 74,01 14,32 1290 1072 218 89,09 74,03 15,06 Total 204 100 754 100 1448 100 Research demonstrated that the flora in Phia Oac - Phia Den National Park, Cao Bang province is the tropical flora. The species in the branches are distributed unevenly. Ngoc Lan branch is specified branch in this case in the following Table 3.6: Table 3.6. The distribution of taxons in Ngoc Lan sector 11 Class Families Genus Species Amoun t Perce ntage % Amoun t Perce ntage % Amoun t Perce ntage % Magnoliopsida 146 85,88 558 83,78 1072 83,10 Liliopsida 24 14,12 108 16,22 218 16,90 Total 170 100 666 100 1290 100 Magnoliopsida/ Liliopsida 6,08 5,17 4,92 In the table 3.6 can affirm that the superiority of the Magnolia layer (Magnoliopsida) over entirre flora. 3.1.2. The diverse of families The flora in Phia Oac - Phia Den National Park has a total of 204 plant families, of which 38 families were only found one species, 49 families were only found two species. That is peculiarity flora of the this region. It could be found several specific species which belong to high mountains areas or seldom seen like Olacaceae, Platanaceae, Rhoipteleaceae, etc. Based on the summary and analysis about the diversity of plant families, the family Cuc (Asteraceae) with 54 species (3.73%) is the most diversified, the family Thau dau (Euphorbiaceae) has 53 species (accounting for 3,66%), ... Total of the 10 richest species (accounting for only 4.9% of the total HTV family) but there were 372 species (accounting for 25.69% of the total species of HTV). According to A. L. Tolmachop (1974) reported that the Phia Oac - Phia Den National Park flora is characteristics of the tropical flora. 3.1.3. The diversity of plant species at genus Based on the research findings, there are a total of 754 genera in Phia Oac - Phia Den National Park flora, Cao Bang province. The quite numerous species have various genus and account for a large proportion of genus of the whole system. The Cuc family (Asteraceae) has the most genera about 41 genera, accounting for 5.44% of the total genus of the entire HTV, followed by the family of Thau dau (Euphorbiaceae) with 29 genera accounting for 3.85%, the family is Co (Poaceae) 28 genera 12 account for 3.71%, ... The Sung (Ficus) is the highest number of species is around 20 species accounting for 1.38% the number of species, Com nguoi (Ardisia) has 15 species accounting for 1.04% the number of species, .... This proves that great deal of genera have a small number of species. Especially, About 449 genera has only 01 species, 163 genera has just 02 species. Therefore, loss of these species lead to loss of higher taxon. In regard to research findings about the diversity of plant genus in Phia Oac - Phia Den National Park also indicated that the flora of region is the tropical flora. 3.1.4. Diversity of life forms species in Phia Oac - Phia Den National Park, Cao Bang province Applying the Raunkiaer standard in 1934 with the revision of Nguyen Nghia Thin, 2007 to study the life form spectrum of Phia Oac - Phia Den National Park, Cao Bang province, As a result, 1448 species are determined types of life (accounting for 100% species of the entire flora). The lifeform spectrum in Phia Oac - Phia Den National Park, Cao Bang province is established as follows: SB = 61.05% Ph + 8.08% Ch + 16.57% Hm + 9.32% Cr + 4.97% Th (Ph: group of plants has buds on the ground; Ch: group of plants has buds close to the ground; Hm: group of plants has semi-hidden buds; Cr: group of plants has hidden buds; Th: group of plants has one year lived). 3.1.5. The geographical diversity factors in Phia Oac - Phia Den National Park’s Flora, Cao Bang Province 3.1.5.1. The diversity of geographical factors in Phia Oac - Phia Den National Park’s Flora, Cao Bang Province The establishment of the geographic factors spectrum for Phia Oac - Phia Den National Park’s flora is applied the approach of division by Nguyen Nghia Thin, 2007 and Le Tran Chan et al., 1999. Geographical factors of the flora region are shown in the following table 3.13: 13 Table 3.13. Plant geographical factors of Phia Oac - Phia Den National Park’s Flora, Cao Bang province Number Geograp hical element Elements Number of species Percen tage of Specie s (%) Number of species Percenta ge of Species (%) 1 Whole world 65 4,49 Whole world 65 4,49 2 The inter - tropical 20 1,38 Inter tropical 20 1,38 3 Ancient tropical 19 1,31 Ancient tropical 3.1 Ancient tropical (the tropical regions of Asia and Australia) 50 3,45 80 5,52 3.2 Ancient tropical (the tropical regions of Asia and Africa) 11 0,76 4 Tropical Asia 264 18,23 Tropical Asia 4.1 Indochina - Malzi 86 5,94 988 68,23 4.2 Indochina - India 195 13,47 4.3 Indochina-Himalaya 23 1,59 4.4 Indochina - South China 309 21,34 4.5 Indo-Chinese 111 7,67 5 The temperate north 2 0,14 The temperate north 5.1 East Asia 64 4,42 66 4,56 6 Vietnamese endemics 103 7,11 Vietnamese endemics 103 7,11 7 Crop plants 40 2,76 Crops 40 2,76 8 All other elements (Asian elements) 86 5,94 All other elements 86 5,94 Total 1448 100 1448 100 3.1.5.2. The diverse levels of endemic taxon species in Vietnam - The diversity of the flora at sector: (there are 02 sectors) Ngoc Lan (Magnoliophyta) has 102 species, the remaining fern sector (Polypodiophyta) has 1 species. - The diversity of the flora at layer: (there are 02 layers) Ngoc Lan layer (Magnoliopsida) has 89 species; Hanh layer (Liliopsida) has 13 species. - The diversity of the flora at family: (there are 54 families) Ca phe family (Rubiaceae) has 7 species, Mua family (Melastomaceae) has 5 species, 5 families have 4 species such as Cau (Arecaceae), Thau dau 14 (Euphorbiaceae), De (Fagaceae) , Do quyen (Ericaceae), Ngu gia bi (Araliaceae), ... - The diversity of the flora at genus: (there are 81 genera), genera has 3 species including Te Tan (Asarum), Mam soi (Rubus), Chan chim (Schefflera). In conclusion, Phia Oac - Phia Den National Park’s flora, Cao Bang province has 103 endemic species accounting for 7.11% species of the entire flora. Endemic is one of the criteria for selecting priority species in conservation. 3.1.6. The diversity of using value of Phia Oac - Phia Den National Park’s flora Assessing the using value of Phia Oac - Phia Den National Park’s flora, Cao Bang province illustrated that 884 valuable species are divided into 548 genera and 170 families. The worth using species groups are listed in the following table 3.14: Table 3.14. The statistics of using value plant species in Phia Oac - Phia Den National Park’s flora, Cao Bang Province TT Uses Symbol Species Amount Percen tage % 1 Edible plants AND 170 11,74 2 Trees provide wood LGO 194 13,40 3 Yarn plants SOI 25 1,73 4 Plants provide essential oils CTD 74 5,11 5 Poisonous plants DOC 20 1,38 6 Ornamental plants CAN 112 7,73 7 Plants provide animal foods AGS 67 4,63 8 Medicinal plants THU 697 48,14 9 Dying plants TAN 33 2,28 Total number of species that are worth using 884 61,05 Total number of species of the flora 1448 100 Total number of using times 1391 15 3.1.6.1. Edible plants Edible plants groups like vegetables, fruit trees, tree nuts, ... include 170 species, 135 genera, 72 families, Ngoc Lan that has 2 layer are recorded (Magnoliopsida has 161 species, Liliopsida has 9 species) of industry Ngoc lan (Magnoliophyta). 3.1.6.2. Trees provide wood The group of trees that provides wood in Phia Oac - Phia Den National Park’s flora, Cao Bang province is recorded 194 species accounting for 13.40%, 121 genera accounting for 16.05%, 59 families accounting for 28.92%. 3.1.6.3. Yarn plants Yarn plants group in Phia Oac - Phia Den National Park’s flora are recorded 25 species, accounting for 1.73% species of the entire flora. 3.1.6.4. Plants provide essential oils The group of plants that provide essential oils in Phia Oac - Phia Den National Park’s flora is recorded 74 species, accounting for 5.11% species of the entire flora, this group is the least species . 3.1.6.5. Poisonous plants The poisonous plant group in Phia Oac - Phia Den National Park’s flora is recorded 20 species, accounting for 1.38% species of the entire flora. 3.1.6.6. Ornamental plants The group of ornamental plants is recorded 112 species which belong to 86 genera of 53 plant families in the entire Phia Oac - Phia Den National Park’s flora. 3.1.6.7. Plants for animal food The group of plants that provide animal foods is recorded 67 species in 49 genera of 25 plant families in the entire flora. 3.1.6.8. Medicinal plants The group of medicinal plants is recorded 697 species which belongs to 470 genera of 157 plant families in Phia Oac - Phia Den National Park’s flora. It means that the group of medicinal plants is 16 immensely abundance and variety. About 56 species of medicinal plants that being exploited excessively are in danger of extinction. According to the statistics, about 583 species, accounting for 83.64% medicinal plants were identified to treat 50 specific diseases, the remaining 114 species accounted for 16.35% medicinal plants were not identified to treat some diseases due to a lack of information and authentication. 3.1.6.9. Dying plants The group of dying plants is recorded 33 species in 26 genera of 16 families in Phia Oac - Phia Den National Park’s flora. According to research findings about using value of the plant species in Phia Oac - Phia Den National Park’s flora, proposed conservation and developed species are based on principles "comprehensive combination, appropriateness " to make sure conservative and developed species more effectively because of having enough both ability and funds as following diagram: Figure 3.14. Comprehensive combination, appropriateness model for conservation and development of species 17 3.1.7. The diversity of endangered, precious and rare gene sources According to research findings, 109 endangered plants species belonging to 47 families, 82 genera accounting for 7.53% species, 23.04% families and 10.88% genera of 1448 species. , 204 families and 754 higher level vascular plants genera in Phia Oac - Phia Den National Park. Rare and endangered plant species that are in danger of extinction each level, are shown in the following Table 3.37: Table 3.37. Endangered levels species are in danger of extinction TT Symbol Levels of Classification Number of species Number of endangered plant species 109 According to the Vietnam Red Data Book 2007 69 1 CR Critically endangered species 3 2 EN Endangered species 23 3 VU Vulnerable species 43 According to the IUCN Red List of threatened in 2019 8 1 CR Critically Endangered species 0 2 EN Endangered species 7 3 VU Vulnerable species 1 According to Decree 06/2019 / ND-CP 64 1 Group IA Exploited and used species for commercial purposes are strictly forbidden 4 2 Group IIA Restrict exploited and used species for commercial purposes 60 18 As a results, the plant genetic resources that are threatened by extinction in Phia Oac - Phia Den National Park’s flora, are immensely abundance and variety. It is also a scientific basis for the government authorities to promulgate solutions for conservation and sustainable development species in the future. 3.2. Conservation species are arrange in order of priority based on 4 datas: Vietnam Red Data Book, 2007 (CR, EN, VU), Decree 06/2019 (IA, IIA), checklist of endemic plant species of Vietnam, IUCN Red List of threatened species 2019. According to the research results, the author arranged 324 species belonging to 22 groups in the order of conservation priority from 1 to 22. 1. CR + ND06 / 2019 (IIA) (1 species): Vu huong (Cinnamomum parthenoxylon (Jack) Meisn.) 2. CR (2 species): Dai mac (Chroesthes lanceolata (T. Anders.) B. Hansen); Kim cang petelot (Smilax petelotii T. Koyama). 3. EN + ND06 / 2019 (IA) + endemic (1 species): Kim tuyen da voi (Anoectochilus calcareus Aver) 4. EN + ND06 / 2019 (IA) (1 species): Kim tuyen to (Anoectochilus setaceus Blume) 5. ND06 / 2019 (IA) + IUCN 2019 (1 species): Lan hai henry (Paphiopedilum henryanum Braem) 6. VU + ND06 / 2019 (IA) + IUCN 2019 (1 species): Hoa tien (Asarum glabrum Merr) 7. EN + ND06 / 2019 (IIA) + endemic (2 species): Te tan nam (Asarum balansae Franch); Long la tia (Bulbophyllum purpureifolium Aver). 8. EN + ND06 / 2019 (IIA) + IUCN 2019 (3 species): Hai hoa nho (Paphiopedilum micranthum Tang & F.T.Wang); Po mu (Fokienia hodginsii (Dunn) A. Henry & H. H. Thomas); Bach xanh (Calocedrus macrolepis Kurz.) 19 9. EN + ND06 / 2019 (IIA) (6 species): according to Table 4.45. List of species included in EN + ND06 / 2019 (IIA) 10. EN (9 species): according to Table 4.46. List of species included in EN. 11. VU + ND06 / 2019 (IIA) + endemic (1 species): Sa moc dau (Cunninghamia konishii Hayata). 12. VU + ND06 / 2019 (IIA) + IUCN 2019 (1 species): Tue balansa (Cycas balansae Warb). 13. VU + ND06 / 2019 (IIA) (8 species): according to Table 4.50. List of species included in VU + ND06 / 2019 (IIA) 14. VU + endemic (2 species): Bop qua bau duc (Actinodaphne ellipticibacca Kosterm); Ram bac bo (Bursera tonkinensis Guillaum). 15. VU + IUCN 2019 (7 species): according to Table 4.52.