The role of the state in tourism development in Vietnam after forming the asean economic community (aec)

. + Primary data collection To collect primary data, the author identifies the objects and scope to be surveyed and interviewed as tourism companies; state management officials at all levels on tourism development management and tourism research scientists. 1.2.3.2. Determining sample size Solutions to enhance the role of the state in tourism development in Vietnam after the establishment of the AEC Content of state role - Developing tourism development strategies and planning - Developing a system of laws, mechanisms and policies for tourism development - Building organizational structure and managing tourism development - International cooperation in tourism development - Checking and inspecting tourism development Factors affecting the role of the state - Domestic context + Political factor: Institutions, guidelines, views and policies of the state on tourism development + Economic factor: The state's financial capacity, people's income + Cultural factor: Social awareness about tourism development + The capacity and qualifications of the contingent of state management officials and enterprises - International context + Agreements, strategies, commitments and agreements in AEC Impact on tourism development conditions - The production factors - The conditions on demand - Supporting and related industries Tourism development - Scale and development speed - Structure Development - Development 9 + Sampling survey objectives: Using survey questionnaires will help the author collect quantitative data, assessments and comments of representatives of tourism managers and tourism enterprises in Vietnam on the necessary contents to accomplish the research objectives. + Methods of implementing Firstly, design a survey forms The design of the questionnaire is done through the following steps: Based on the research framework, the author uses an expert method through consultation with instructors, consultation; advice from research experts related to the topic to determine what information to collect, developing a survey form on the content and scales to assess the role of the state in Vietnam's tourism development after the establishment of the AEC. Secondly, choose a sample and collect data The sample size, in the study of socio-economic issues, the representativeness and the magnitude of the sample is very important. There are many different views on the sample size selection, according to (Hair et al., 1998) the minimum sample size of 30 observations can apply statistical tools; According to (Nguyen Van Thang, 2017, p.167): "Normal scale for regression, correlation, or group test analysis: 100 or more observations". Therefore, to ensure the representativeness of the sample, the author intends to select a sample size of 220 to ensure adequate relevance for statistical analysis. Primary data was collected from the end of February to the end of May 2018 using direct survey methods such as: to work agencies, through conferences and fairs of Vietnam International Tourism organized by the Vietnam National Administration of Tourism; or send an email via email and some other means. 1.2.3.3. The scale of the questionnaire The author uses a 5-point Likert scale to research the content of the thesis according to the gradual increase in rating from 1 to 5 (from very disagree to agree, from very unimportant to most important when considering importance or influence) Survey investigation area: The author focused on three typical cities of Vietnam to investigate, namely Hanoi, Da Nang and Ho Chi Minh City. Because: 3 major tourist centres are representing the 3 most developed tourist regions of Vietnam, are the leading localities in tourism revenue, growth rate, number of international visitors, accommodation establishments ... At the same time is a large concentration of tourism enterprises, with extensive experience in tourism business activities. The survey questionnaire was sent to 108 government managers and 112 tourism companies in the area of Hanoi, Da Nang and Ho Chi Minh City. Respondents are experienced, managerial and executive positions in enterprises. The list of tourism resources provided by the Vietnam National Administration of 10 Tourism should be accurate and orthodox. All companies participating in the survey have been granted business licenses since 2012, so ensure at least 5 years of operation in the field of tourism, in the context of before and after forming the AEC to be able to give the necessary information for the research goals. 1.2.3.4. Data analysis method The data after collecting will be processed, cleaned, entered data, coded into the excel file, then the author uses calculations to process the data. Descriptive statistical methods, comparative statistical methods, general analysis methods. At the same time, applying and combining methods and logical reasoning; argue to make remarks and conclusions from the contents studied, clarifying the causal relationship between the factors. This is also the basis for studying and forecasting Vietnam's tourism development trends in 2020 with a vision to 2030; also the basis for assessing the positive and limited aspects of the the role of the state in tourism development in Vietnam before and after the AEC was established; is the basis for proposing directions and solutions to enhance the role of the state in tourism development in Vietnam under these new circumstances. CHAPTER 2 THE RATIONALE ON THE ROLE OF THE STATE FOR TOURISM DEVELOPMENT WHEN PARTICIPATING IN THE ECONOMIC COMMUNITY 2.1. Some issues on tourism development and the Economic Community 2.1.1. Overview of tourism and tourism development 2.1.1.1. The concept of travel and tourism classification 2.1.1.2. The nature and characteristics of the tourism industry Although there are many different views on tourism, tourism still has the following specific characteristics: (i) the tourism industry is bearing economical, (ii) tourism industry bearing integrated, (iii) tourism industry is a service industry (iv) tourism is heavily affected by seasonal factors, (v) tourism industry bearing international. 2.1.1.3. Content for tourism development Although the concept of tourism is different, when discussing the content of tourism development, researchers often mention aspects such as (i) the scale of tourism, (ii) tourism structure, (iii) tourism quality and efficiency. 2.1.1.4. Tourism development conditions Each country has different conditions for tourism development. However, conditions for tourism development still include (i) production factors, (ii) demand conditions, (iii) supporting and related industries, (iv) (iv) strategy; business structure and domestic competition. 11 2.1.1.5. The significance of tourism development in socio-economic development Firstly, in terms of economy, tourism will make important contributions to economic growth, increase revenues for the state budget, create jobs for workers, and contribute to building technical and material facilities for the country. Secondly, through politics, through tourism development, it helps tourists understand the economic potential of countries and localities, thereby building and developing external economic relations between countries. Thirdly, in terms of culture and society, the development of tourism plays an important role in expanding and strengthening the mutual understanding and friendship of people of other countries. 2.1.2. Concept, characteristics, impact of the Economic Community 2.1.2.1. Concept and characteristics of the Economic Community The thesis has mentioned the forms, expressions, corresponding to each step of regional economic integration, which is: Free Trade Area (FTA), Customs Union (CU), Common Market, Economic - Monetary Union. Since then, the concept of economic community has been introduced. 2.1.2.2. Impact when participating in the Economic Community Some positive effects: Joining the Economic Community provides a new impetus for member countries to implement policy reforms: competition, consumer protection, intellectual property rights, infrastructure development, tax policy,... in the direction of information transparency and facilitating the free flow of goods, services and production factors. This ensures that member states will fulfil their commitments, contributing to improving the competitiveness of the economy, narrowing the development gap. Some negative effects: When participating in the Economic Community, countries with lower levels of economic development will face many difficulties in the process of integration into the regional economy 2.2. The role of the state in tourism development when participating in the Economic Community 2.2.1. Substantive role of the state for tourism development
The concept of the the role of the state for tourism development The role of the state in tourism development is the concretization of its functions and duties, is the role of macro-management, through tools, including law, organizational structure, strategy, planning, plans, policies, ... that the government implements in tourism to develop a tourism-oriented industry, the objective is to ensure sustainable efficiency in the context of regional and international integration. 2.2.2. The content of the state's role in tourism development when participating in the Economic Community 2.2.2.1. Building strategies and planning for tourism development 12 Formulating a tourism development strategy is a long-term operation orientation for tourism development; is the basis for managers and businesses to actively implement their operations in practice, suitable for the environment based on taking advantage of opportunities, avoiding risks, promoting the advantages of local enterprises. 2.2.2.2. Building the legal system, tourism development policies The establishment, promulgation of the legal system or adjustment of laws for economic relations gives the State management the possibilities and ensure realism with a wide range of implementation of its economic policies (Hoang The Lien et al, 2001) Participation in the Economic Community is the process by which the State and the nations in the region participate in international economic relations in the region and of course, will be affected by commitments and agreements when participating in the Economic Community. Therefore, the legal system in general and the tourism law in particular in each country must have a certain compatibility with the principles and contents of the law in the economic community. 2.2.2.3. Building organizational structure and managing tourism development The organizational structure and tourism development management involve many factors as the nature of the political system, reasoning about the role of the state. In the organizational structure and management of tourism development, there will be a core group of key agencies directly responsible for tourism, and a large number of relevant agencies with direct participation are not listed, but significantly influence tourism development through the policies for which they are responsible. In terms of joining the Economic Community, it is necessary to build a stable and unified state management apparatus for tourism from the central to local levels nationwide to create a favourable premise for tourism development management based on the goals of domestic and regional tourism strategies. 2.2.2.4. Promoting international cooperation in tourism development International cooperation in tourism development is the process of proactively linking a country's tourism to regional and world tourism. The state is a subject join in regional and international economic organizations that have an important task that no other organization can replace: The State negotiates to sign bilateral and multilateral agreements on tourism and related tourism. The signing of agreements of countries participating in the Economic Community is an important legal basis for enterprises to direct tourism activities. When these documents are signed, the parties have committed to ensuring the legal rights and interests for tourism companies when conducting business activities abroad. 2.2.2.5. Government to evaluate, test, inspection for tourism development Coordination between state and local management agencies in specialized and interdisciplinary inspections, hotel service quality control, tour operators, tour guides 13 and tourist service establishments in the field of tourism, ... proactively detect and promptly handle violations to build a civilized, safe and friendly tourism environment. 2.2.3. Factors affecting the the role of the state in tourism development when participating in the Economic Community The thesis analyzes the following factors: (i) the degree of institutional perfection, (ii) financial capacity of the state; the income of the people, (iii) social awareness about tourism development, (iv) qualified competencies of managers and enterprises, (v) agreements; commitment; agreement when joining the Economic Community. 2.3. Experience in promoting the role of the state in tourism development of some ASEAN countries after the establishment of AEC and lessons learned for Vietnam The dissertation has studied experiences on the role of the state in tourism development of some ASEAN countries after the AEC was formed in Thailand, Malaysia and Singapore (these are countries with many tourism development conditions similar to Vietnam and the government has had many successful policies to promote tourism development). On that basis, draw lessons learned for Vietnam: (i) developing a strategy; zoning; planing and promulgating policies and solutions for tourism development suitable to each period, (ii) building and developing high- quality human resources, including tourism managers, experts, and staff, to meet the growing and deeper integration, (iii) restructuring investment resources; strengthen connectivity and rational use of resources, (iv) needing to be reasonable investment for tourism promotion, promotion, market development, (v) close coordination among the ministries involved in tourism to direct businesses to implement tourism activities is critical. CHAPTER 3 CURRENT STATUS OF THE ROLE OF THE STATE FOR VIETNAM'S TOURISM DEVELOPMENT AFTER THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE AEC 3.1. Overview of Vietnam tourism development, ASEAN and the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) 3.1.1. Overview of Vietnam tourism development 3.1.1.1. The results of Vietnam's tourism development in the period of 1995 - 2018 The process of developing tourism in Vietnam is analyzed by the author very clearly through time points. 14 Table 3.1. The situation of Vietnam tourism development in the period 1995 - 2018 Years International visitors (visitors) Domestic visitors (thousan d visitors) Total revenue from tourists (trillion VND) Years International visitors (visitors) Domestic visitors (thousand visitors) Total revenue from tourists (trillion VND) 1995 1.351.300 6.9 8,73 2007 4.171.564 19.200 56,00 1996 1.607.200 7.300 9,50 2008 4.253.740 20.500 60,00 1997 1.715.600 8.900 10,06 2009 3.772.359 25.000 68,00 1998 1.520.100 9.600 14,00 2010 5.049.855 28.000 96,00 1999 1.781.800 10.600 15,60 2011 6.014.032 30.000 130,00 2000 2.140.100 11.200 17,40 2012 6.847.678 32.500 160,00 2001 2.330.800 11.700 20,50 2013 7.572.352 35.000 200,00 2002 2.628.200 13.000 23,00 2014 7.874.312 38.500 230,00 2003 2.429.600 13.500 22,00 2015 7.943.651 57.000 337,83 2004 2.927.876 14.500 26,00 2016 10.012.735 62.000 417,27 2005 3.467.757 16.100 30,00 2017 12.922.151 73.200 541,00 2006 3.583.486 17.500 51,00 2018 15.497.791 80.000 620,00 Source: Aggregating data from Vietnam National Administration of Tourism - Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism 3.1.1.2. Developing Vietnam's tourism according to the periods of ASEAN integration phases The thesis examines the development of Vietnam's tourism according to the phases of ASEAN integration, it is accompanied by the policies of the state to see the role of the state through each period. They are: (i) The first phase of integration (1995 - 2009), (ii) The period of proactive integration (2010 - 2015), (i) The period after the establishment of the AEC (2016 - 2018). Table 3.5. Vietnam tourism development before and after the formation of the AEC Phases International visitors (visitors) Domestic visitors (thousand visitors) Total revenue from tourists (trillion VND) 1995 - 2009 39.681.472 198.615 431.79 2010 - 2015 41.301.880 221.000 1.171.55 T01/2016 - T12/2018 38.432.677 215.200 1.578.27 All phases (1995 - 2018) 119.416.027 634.815 3.181.61 Source: Author synthesized, calculated from the data from Vietnam National Administration of Tourism - Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism 15 Achievements of Vietnam's tourism are shown in the data in Table 3.5. Moreover, the national tourism image is increasingly enhanced on the world tourism map. In 2018, for the first time, Vietnam was awarded the prize “Asia's leading travel destination” at the World Travel Awards (World Travel Awards (WTA) in Asia and Oceania in 2018). 3.1.2. Overview of ASEAN and the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) 3.1.2.1. ASEAN and the AEC formation process The thesis has mentioned important milestones connected with the basic documents in the development process of ASEAN and the formation of the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC). 3.1.2.2. The framework document and the basic content of the AEC The thesis also refers to the AEC framework documents such as: Declaring the establishment of the ASEAN Community in 2015, ASEAN Economic Community Building Blueprint 2025, ASEAN Vision 2020, ASEAN Community Vision 2025, ASEAN Framework Agreement on the integration of priority sectors (*)The basic contents of the AEC AEC towards the goal ASEAN becomes: (i) A single market and a unified production facility including the free flow of goods, services, investment, capital and skilled labour, (ii) A highly competitive economic area, (iii) An area of uniform economic development, especially the effective implementation of the ASEAN integration initiative, (iv) An ASEAN region fully integrated into the global economy 3.1.2.3. Content of ASEAN integration in tourism development The dissertation clarifies the content of ASEAN integration in tourism development, expressed in documents such as The Declaration of ASEAN Concord II (Manila Declaration 1987), ASEAN Tourism Strategy 2011-2015, ASEAN Agreement on Tourism (completed in Phnom Penh, the Kingdom of Cambodia on November 4, 2012), ASEAN Tourism Development Strategy 2016-2025 3.2. Analyzing the status of the role of the state in Vietnam's tourism development after the formation of the AEC 3.2.1. Regarding the role of strategy formulation, tourism development plan The thesis has generalized the situation and conducted an assessment of the success of the role of the state in developing strategies and planning for tourism development in Vietnam before and after the establishment of the AEC. Which the criteria strategy, proposed tourism planning gets perspective; target; the solution is suitable to reality and each development phase has the lowest average score of 3.14. This indicator also reflects the fact that the strategic and planning work has been focused, but the achieved results are still not high. 3.2.2. Regarding the role of building the legal system, tourism development policies The thesis assesses the success of the role of the state in developing tourism 16 development policies of Vietnam before and after the AEC is formed. When comparing the achievement level of the role of "Building the legal system, tourism development policy" before and after the AEC is established, the average score of some criteria after AEC formation is rated lower than that before AEC was formed. Specifically: evaluation criteria "Building and issuing standards and regulations in tourism activities to meet development requirements" the average score is 4.19 / 5 (before AEC was formed). The average score is 4.2 / 5). This is completely logical, because: When establishing the AEC, it is accompanied by treaties; commitments; cooperation agreements that Vietnam has signed, but tourism in Vietnam is still slow to catch up these changes. Moreover, compared to other countries, the construction and implementation of standards; Vietnamese standards are weaker; which standards; the norm is a tool for Vietnam to integrate tourism into the AEC. Evaluation criteria with the lowest level of success are: The policy of training and developing tourism human resources with a success score of 2.51 (Before forming the AEC, the criteria for evaluating the success level with a score of 4.14). This is also true because compared to other countries in ASEAN, Vietnam is a country with the quality of human resources being assessed as one of the worst factors of Vietnam's tourism. Moreover, Vietnam will have to participate in the implementation of the ASEAN Tourism Profession Agreement (MRA-TP), if Vietnam's tourism human resources do not improve their professional qualifications, Vietnamese tourism will lose at home. Overall research shows: regulators and enterprises both appreciate the success of this role of the state. However, in the context of the establishment of the AEC, international cooperation on tourism is increasingly in a wide-ranging trend, with commitments; the deal has been and will be implemented, so regulators and businesses expect more from the government's tourism development policies, truly creating a favourable environment for enterprises and the tourism development community. 3.2.3. Regarding the role of building an organizational structure of tourism management and development In the past time, the system of the organizational structure of state management on tourism has been consolidated and stabilized nationwide has created favourable premises for tourism development management according to the objectives of Vietnam Tourism Planning and Strategy. Organizing the state management apparatus of tourism from the Central to the local levels smoothly. The introduction of the State Steering Committee on Tourism and The Steering Committee for tourism development of provincial, cities is a shift to promote the linkage and coordination among sectors and localities in tourism development. 17 3.2.4. Regarding the role of promoting international cooperation in tourism development In the past time, Vietnam's tourism has actively and comprehensively participated and made important contributions to ASEAN tourism. Tourism integration of Vietnam is implemented in the direction of promoting signing and executes the agreement documents, government-level tourism agreements, bilateral and multilateral sectoral levels, take advantage of the cooperation and support of countries through programs and projects. However, cooperation and development activities of tourism in the past time still reveal limitations, cooperation with many countries still stops in the form of conferences and exchanges but not many forms of cooperation on development of tourism products or attracting investment and attracting tourists. 3.2.5. Regarding the role of assessment, inspection and inspection of tourism development State management agencies and localities should strengthen inspection, review, reevaluation and quality control in the fields of tourism in the spirit of Decree No. 1433/VBHN-BVHTTDL about Regulations on sanctioning of administrative violations in the field culture, sports, tourism and promotion, aims to implement the ASEAN tourism criteria set both a commitment and an action to contribute to sustainable tourism development; building and positioning tourism Vietnamese tourism brands. 3.3. The impact of the role of the state for tourism development in Vietnam after the formation of the AEC The thesis carries an analysis and assessment of the impact of the state's role on Vietnam's tourism development conditions before and after the founding of the AEC, analysis results showed that after the formation of the role of the AEC affect the conditions of state to develop tourism in V