Tóm tắt Luận án Agricultural land use efficiency in phu tho province

asizes role of provincial authorities, production structure, agricultural land use structure, agricultural production) and determines a criteria kit for analysis of reasons and situation of agricultural land use efficiency in the Province in the context of Vietnam. b). New findings and proposals resulting from research and survey result of the thesis: The thesis provides a scientific background to the State management agencies in Phu Tho Province in planning agricultural development guidelines, reforming agricultural land use structure of Phu Tho Province (by specifying strengths, weaknesses, reasons for successes and limitations, shortcomings in agricultural land use in recent years) and proposes five groups of solutions to improvement of agricultural land use efficiency in the future. The thesis puts considerable emphasis on solutions to improvement of State management efficiency of local authorities, reform of agricultural land use structure, and reform of agricultural production structure in association with modernization and development of agricultural production forms (especially, development of agricultural product value chains, agricultural and industrial complexes and hi-tech agricultural parks, etc). 7. Structure of the thesis Besides Introduction, Conclusion and List of reference documents, appendices, the thesis is composed of 04 chapters as follows: CHAPTER 1. LITERATURE REVIEW RELATED TO AGRICULTURAL LAND USE EFFICIENCY Following research requirements on theories and practical experience for the thesis, the author reviewed 90 documents and chose two major issues, including 1.1. Overview of agriculture and agricultural development efficiency and 1.2. Overview of agricultural land and agricultural land use efficiency, for research purposes of the thesis. The literature review shows that land use efficiency generally has a closed relation with agricultural land use efficiency. Agricultural land is a major issue and it has been researched by many scholars. Scholars generally agree that agricultural land is the type of land used for agricultural production development (agricultural production is an economic system including cultivation, animal husbandry and agricultural services). Efficient use of agricultural land is a compulsory requirement of each country. Many scholars agree that agricultural land use efficiency and agricultural development efficiency have the same meaning. Many research works regarding agricultural development efficiency clearly state that agricultural production efficiency is the relation between outcome and costs for agricultural development in a definite term. Although this statement is quite general from viewpoint regarding result of a specific activity, it is a good thought that is applicable to this thesis. This thesis also applies published research results regarding some assessment criteria for agricultural land use efficiency such as output value, added value per hectare of agricultural land, labor per hectare of agricultural land. Besides, the author identifies unsatisfactory issues from researches of scholars and issues that need further research in this thesis (to be specified in chapter 2). CHAPTER 2:THEORETICAL BACKGROUND REGARDING AGRICULTURAL LAND USE EFFICIENCY IN THE PROVINCE AND PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE 2.1. Theoretical background regarding agricultural land use efficiency 2.1.1. Agricultural land use efficiency Agricultural land is the type of land that is directly used for agricultural development. Agricultural production activities are performed on this type of land, including cultivation and development of animal husbandry (including aquaculture) for production of agricultural products and commodities and satisfaction of people's demand as well as production of materials for processing industry development. The land used for agricultural production is not similar to the land used for forestry production. Consequently, the thesis considers that it is inadvisable to include the land used for agricultural production in the land used for forestry production. In order to provide a systemic view, the author gives an overview of agriculture and presents grounds for explanation of agricultural land use issues. Current agricultural land use structure Future agricultural land use structure Subjects of change (farmers) Market and technologies Efficiency Figure 2.1: Theoretical graph on reform of agricultural land use structure in stages Source: The author Agricultural land use efficiency is shown by agricultural production development efficiency because production outcome only results from agricultural production activities and leads to agricultural land use efficiency. Viewpoint reagrding agricultural land use efficiency must not be separate from general theory of development efficiency as difference between achieved outcome and paid costs. In other aspects, it shows added value, amount of commodities generated by agricultural production on one hectare of agricultural land. Agricultural development efficiency is one of components of socio-economic development efficiency and one of elements of agricultural development efficiency and it shows production efficiency on one hectares of agricultural land. Agricultural land use efficiency Efficiency for agricultural land users Efficiency for related persons Figure 2.2: Graph on implication of agricultural land use efficiency Source: The author + Agricultural land use efficiency is considered in factors forming agricultural production so agricultural development efficiency is generally a system composed of cultivation efficiency, animal husbandry efficiency and agricultural service efficiency. However, it is very difficult to separate agricultural service efficiency on agricultural land from agricultural service efficiency on residential land. It is regularly required to generally consider efficiency of three components of agricultural development efficiency, including cultivation, animal husbandry and agricultural services during analysis of agricultural development efficiency. Agricultural development efficiency Cultivation efficiency Animal husbandry efficiency Agricultural service efficiency Figure 2.4: Agricultural development efficiency and its components Source: The author + Agricultural land use efficiency will be changed in time, space, from bottom to top and at discretion of people. 2.1.2. Factors affecting agricultural land use efficiency Agricultural land use efficiency much depends on many factors, including more significant factors and less significant factors and factors that can be changed during development period. In the context that market economy, globalization and green development trend will dominate, based on new thinkings and viewpoints, the thesis author presents factors affecting agricultural land use efficjency in the following order of importance: (1). The State and the State management of agricultural land use;(2). Agricultural product market;(3). Input factors for agricultural development; (4). Agricultural technologies and scientists;(5). Other persons directly related to production of agricultural products;(6). Agricultural production organization;(7). Geographical position; (8). Climate change; (9). Non-agricultural investment. 2.1.3. Assessment of agricultural land use efficiency Based on theoretical and practical clarification, the author proposes two groups of criteria mainly used for assessment of agricultural land use efficiency in provinces of Vietnam. a). Group of criteria for analysis of agricultural land use efficiency, including four main criteria: (1)Productivity per hectare of agricultural land (Agriculture value added on one hectare of agricultural land) (H1); (2). Agricultural labor productivity (H2); (3).Percentage of agricultural products (H3); (4). The average added value of agricultural per farmer (Snd). b). Group of criteria for analysis of reasons for and situation of agricultural land use efficiency, including three criteria: (1). Agricultural land use structure (Td); (2). Investment in agricultural development, the author considers that it is necessary to analyze three main criteria as follows: - Rate of agricultural investment to total social investment (Hn); - Agricultural investment structure (Hi); - Growth rate of investment capital for agricultural development (Td); (3). Percentage of trained agricultural labors (Tđ). 2.2. Empirical experience Domestic and international case studies allows the author to learn lessons about improvement of agricultural land use efficiency in Phu Tho Province, in detail: - High agricultural land use efficiency requires agricultural development based on high technologies, regular reform of agricultural land use structure based on market requirements. Scientific researches on modern agricultural technologies and agricultural production organization are important solutions to efficient agricultural development in general and efficient agricultural use efficiency in particular. - The State plays an important role in efficient agricultural land use. It will be difficult to develop agriculture if there is no satisfactory support from the State to agricultural manufacturers, regardless of such manufacturers are large or small. - Countries generally pay more attention to added value per hectare of agricultural land in assessment of agricultural development and agricultural land use efficiency. CHAPTER 3 ACTUAL STATE OF AGRCULTURAL LAND USE EFFICIENCY IN PHU THO PROVINCE DURING2010–2018 PERIOD 3.1. Overall assessment of factors affecting agricultural land use and agricultural development of Phu Tho Province in recent years. Applying SWOT method as specified in Chapter 2, the author includes factors in two groups for easy reference to and identification of factors affecting agricultural land use in Phu Tho Province and gives some fundamental comments as follows: 3.1.1. Favorable factors: a).Phu Tho Province is located in a very favorable position for trading and supply of high-quality agricultural products to Hanoi and provinces in the Red River Delta and this position will well facilitate cooperation development of the Province in the future. b).Viet Tri City of Phu Tho Province is home to festivals and this facilitates development of high-quality agricultural products and food for tourists. c). Phu Tho Province has great potential and prospects for development of agro-forestry development. d). Phu Tho Province currently plans development of 7 industrial parks and 26 industrial clusters and this is a prerequisite forinvestment and development of agricultural product processing industry. In general, potential and strengths for commodity agriculture development of Phu Tho Province are quite great but have not been efficiently promoted. 3.1.2. Main difficulties in agricultural production of Phu Tho Province - Purchasing power for agrocultural products is not quite high, especially for high-quality and clean agricultural products. - Agricultural land area is limited and the average agricultural land area per capita of Phu Tho Province is only equals to 63%-64% the average one of Vietnam. On the other hand, badlands and sloping land area accounts for a high percentage (about 34% -35%). - Traditional agriculture is common accross the Province and is featured by crops and livestock with low productivity and quality and low competitiveness in domestic market (except for tea trees). - Local roads connecting concentrated production areas to focal roads have low quality whereas technical infrastructure system for agriculture is insufficient and has low quality - Phu Tho Province also suffers disadvantages like Northern mountainous provinces. Area of sloping land and infertile land caused by washout is large (sloping land area accounts for about 34%-35% whereas infertile land area accounts for about 16%-17% of total agricultural land area). Most of perennial crops growing area starts to undergo degradation so their productivity will decrease and quality will be lower. Simultaneously, most of farmers engage in traditional and empirical farming and they face difficulties in agricultural and rural modernization as a result. 3.2. Overview of agricultural development situation of Phu Tho Province during 2010 - 2018 period 3.2.1. Socio-economic development situation of Phu Tho Province Economy of Phu Tho Province took a big leap with GRDP growth rate of about 6.5%/year during 2011 - 2018 period. However, among 14 Northern midland and mountainous provinces, in 2018, GRDP per capita (reaching VND 50.7 million) and labor productivity of Phu Tho Province (reaching VND 77 million) rank forth, following Thai Nguyen, Lao Cai, Bac Giang, but are still lower than the average one of Vietnam (approximately 76% GDP per capita). Phu Tho Province's rate of agriculture to GRDP reduces by about 1.1%/year in average (whereas Vietnam's rate of agriculture to GRDP reduces by 0.46%/year in average). Although Phu Tho Province's economic structure is more advanced than Northwestern and Northern midland and mountainous provinces but its agriculture sector still accounts for more percentage than the average one of Vietnam. 3.2.2. Overview of actual state of agricultural development of Phu Tho Province During 2011 - 2018 period, although agriculture value added of the Province increases by about 4.5%-5.2%/year, it fails to suit potential of the Province. Percentage of added value of non-agricultural products Percentage of added value of agricultural products Figure 3.1: Percentage of agriculture value added of Phu Tho Province during 2010 - 2018 period In 8 years (2011 - 2018), percentage of cultivation only decreases by 8.3% (this means a decrease of about 1.3% per year). Percentage of animal husbandry only climbs by about 0.68% per year whereas percentage of agricultural services grows very slowly (only by about 0.27%). Such change of agricultural production structure is slow. Table 3.10: Some criteria regarding agricultural labor in average Criteria Unit 2010 2015 2018 Average increase per year, % Agriculture value added/agricultural labor VND million 5.4 6.6 7.6 4.35 Percentage of GRDP per capita of the Province* % 41.1 44.3 46.8 - Agricultural product value/agricultural labor VND million 0.55 0.72 0.86 5.7 Agricultural product export value/agricultural labor USD/ person 15.8 25.6 28.6 7.7 Foodstuff (cereal)/agricultural labor Kg 334.8 337.3 344.1 0.35 Processed pork, poultry meat/agricultural labor Kg 67.5 90.7 98.3 4.8 Egg/agricultural labor Egg 86 116 120 4.3 Source: The Statistics Office of Phu Tho Province in 2015 and 2018 Growth rate of agricultural and rural population is about 0.8%-1%/year whereas agriculture value added only increases by about 4.9%/year so standard of living of local people has not been improved much. 3.3. Actual state of agricultural land use efficiency of Phu Tho Province 3.3.1. Situation of agricultural land use during 2011 - 2018 period During 2011 - 2018 period, agricultural land area grows by about 3.77 thousand hectares/year. Despite change in agricultural land area, there is no breakthrough change in crops and livestock. Rice growing land area accounts for the highest percentage of total land area in the Province throughout 2011-2018 period whereas fruit tree growing land area jump significantly (Pomelo is a specialty fruit tree whereas focal trees have not been identified) and industrial perennial plant growing land area falls (tea is the main tree). 3.3.2. Actual state of agricultural land use efficiency of Phu Tho Province during 2010 - 2018 period 3.3.2.1. General comments a). Achievements: During 2011 - 2018 period, agricultural land use efficiency tends to be improved. If the efficiency in 2018 is compared with that in 2010, the change in efficiency will be changed as follows in eight years: (1). Agriculture value added/hectare of agricultural land increases by about 1.4 times; (2). Agriculture value added/agricultural land increases by about 1.6 times; (3).Agriculture value added/agricultural labor increases by about 1.4 times;(4). Agricultural goods value/hectare of agricultural land increases by about 1.57 times. b). Main limitations: The most fundamental limitation of agricultural land use efficiency in Phu Tho Province is failure to create factors for significant efficiency improvement. Area for development of hi-tech agricultural products is limited whereas agricultural land use efficiency varies by localities. Although some models for efficient agricultural land use such as hi-tech application, production of clean and high-quality agricultural products have been launched, they have not get much attention and have not been duplicated as well. On the other hand, local people have insufficient fund to develop hi-tech agriculture whereas sloping land is efficiently used in some areas but in small size with tea as the main tree. 3.3.2.2. Assessment in criteria: Based on calculation of criteria based on formulas specified in Chapter 2, the author calculates and assesses efficiency criteria: a). In Phu Tho Province, use efficiency for industrial perennial plan growing land is highest (scientific and technological advances are applied to cultivation of tea and sumac for better productivity). Value added per hectare of crops growing land varies. In 2018, value generated from one hectare of fruit tree growing land and industrial perennial plant growing land is 1.64 times and 1.72 times as much as value generated from one hectare of annual plant growing land, respectively. b). The number of agricultural labors jumps by about 0.8% whereas agriculture value added increases by 5% so the number of poor people falls by about 25% (from 33%-34% to about 7.9%) but actual standard of living of farmers is poor (in opinion of many economic experts, standard of living of local people will not be improved if local population rises by about 1% and GRDP climbs by about 4%). c). During 2011 - 2018 period, criteria of efficiency generally show that agricultural land use efficiency is low but tends to go up. Table 3.19: Some criteria of agricultural land use efficiency in Phu Tho Province during 2011 - 2018 period (price in 2010) Criteria Unit 2010 2015 2018 Criteria in 2018 in comparison with that in 2010, times The average increase from 2011 to 2018,% 1. Agriculture value added/hectare of agricultural land VND million 39.9 51.2 57.9 1.5 4.5 2. Agriculture value added/agricultural labor VND million 13.1 17.4 21.2 1.6 6.1 3. Agriculture value added/agricultural labor VND million 5.4 6.6 7.9 1.4 5.2 4. Agriculture value added/hectare of agricultural land VND million 5.9 8.0 9.1 1.6 5.9 5. Percentage of agricultural product value % 10.8 11.5 12.5 1.1 1.5 Source: The author collects from data of the Statistics Office of Phu Tho Province in 2010 and 2018 3.3.3. Reasons for limitations and shortcomings in low agricultural land use efficiency in Phu Tho Province a). Subjective reasons: Authorities of Phu Tho Province has not assessed agricultural land use efficiency, has not reformed agricultural development orientation and agricultural land use structure and has failed to apply sciences and technologies to development of new agricultural products. Investments has not facilitated efficient agricultural development (During 2011 - 2018 period, agriculture sector accounts for about 19%-20% of total GRDP of the Province whereas total capital of investment in agriculture only accounts for about 3% of total social investment capital). Agricultural work allocation is inadequate and has not been significantly changed (during 2011 - 2018 period, rate of agricultural labors to total social labors only decreases by over 7%) and quality of Phu Tho Province's agricultural human resource is very poor (the number of trained labors only accounts for about 7.9%). b). Objective reasons: Laws and policies on agricultural land use are extremely inadequate whereas market factors, extreme weather and climate conditions appear with higher intensity and more regular interval. CHAPTER 4. SOLUTIONS TO IMPROVEMENT OF AGRICULTURAL LAND USE EFFICIENCY IN PHU THO PROVINCE TOWARDS 2030 4.1. Bases for determination of solutions to improvement of agricultural land use efficiency in Phu Tho Province towards 2030 In order to avoid repetitions, besides bases specified in Chapter 2 (theoretical issues and empirical and practical surveys for improvement of agricultural land use efficiency), the author further presents overview of important issues that decide selection of solutions to improvement of agricultural land use efficiency. 4.1.1. Context affecting agricultural land use efficiency in Phu Tho Province: a). Local agricultural product market, b). Ability to access agricultural product market in Hanoi and overseas. 4.1.2. Orientation of agricultural development towards 2030 4.1.2.1. Agricultural development viewpoint:Consider efficiency and sustainability as top priorities for development in general and agricultural development in particular, keep developing agriculture towards large-sized commodity production, apply high technologies, improve product quality, added value, promote export; Develop agriculture for farmers and prosperity of the Province; Develop agriculture in an organized manner and based on modern technologies; Closely link agriculture with other sectors; Determine comparative advantages. Table 4.5: Comparison of competitiveness and consumption of agricultural products between Phu Tho Province and other provinces in Hanoi market Comparison criteria Phu Tho Thai Nguyen Son La Hoa Binh Tea x xx x Beef x x x xx Super lean pork xx xx x x Cow's milk x xx xx x Poultry eggs xx xx - x High-quality vegetables xx xx x x Fresh fruits (orange, mandarin, banana, etc) xx x x xx Pomelo xx - - x Source: The author: xx: High competitiveness; x: medium competitiveness; -: uncompetitive 4.1.2.2. Agricultural development orientation for more significant contribution to economic development of Phu Tho Province a). Agricultural development targets Table 4.6: Forecast of some agricultural development targets of Phu Tho Province towards 2030 Criteria Unit 2018 2025 2030 Increase, decrease in 12 years 1. Rate of agriculture to total GRDP of the Province % 21.4 18.4** 17.0 -4.4 2. Growth rate of agriculture value added % 3.8 4.5** 5.0 +1.2 3. Increase of main tree productivity from baseline time 1 1.7 2.5 +1.5 Source: Statistical data is collected in 2018. b). Orientation on reform of agricultural production structure - Assess appropriateness of local land types to regionally allocate trees (sub-zones/districts and inter-districts) in the Province. - Develop hi-tech agriculture and gradually develop organic agriculture. - Reform viewpoints and thoughts of agricultural production structure development in Phu Tho Province; Use agricultural land "economically"; Use land and water economically; - Reform agricultural production structure towards: (1). Increase percentage of agricultural products; (2). Increase percentage of agricultural products applying high technologies and associated with processing industry. - Develop focal agricultural products associated with formulation of agricultural production value chain (Based on utilization of potential and comparative advantages for agricultural development and market forecast and productivity of some local advanced production facilities, the author proposes orientation for crops and livestock reform in Phu Tho Province in the future). - Orient development of main agricultural fields in Phu Tho Province (cultivation; animal husbandry; agricultural services). - Role of agriculture sector will be clearly shown if the above development orientation is followed (view table) Table 4.14: Contribution of agriculture sector to economic growth of Phu Tho Province Criteria Unit 2011-2018 2019-2025 2026-2030 1. Increase in total GRDP of the Province VND billion 6,980 22,686 29,492 Separate: + Agriculture VND billion 1,075.1 3,368 3,918 Compared with total GRDP in percentage % 15.4 15.5 16.0 + Non-agriculture VND billion 5,904.9 19,318 25,574 Compared with total GRDP in percentage VND billion 84.6 84.5 84.0 Source: The author, the Statistics Office of Phu Tho Province during 2011-2018 period 4.1.3. Orientation on strategic partner selection for cooperation in commodity agriculture development in Phu Tho Province. 4.2. Some solutions to improvement in agricultural land use efficiency in Phu Tho Province. The author considers that it is necessary to consistently adopt the following main solutions to improve agricultural land use efficiency in Phu Tho Province 4.2.1. Solution no. 1: