Tóm tắt Luận án Assessment tourism resources and bioclimatic conditions for developing tourism in southern Vietnam

ns in order to link tourism development among Southern provinces (Nguyen Minh Tue; Vu Tuan Canh and others; Bui Thi Hai Yen, etc.). Besides, there are many researches on tourism of each locality in the South, each work is the experience of culture, ethnicity, bringing diverse perspectives on tourism potentials of specific localities. There have been a number of researches on bioclimatic conditions for tourism in Southern Vietnam. However, they are still limited and coherent, not classified and established a map of the tourism bioclimate. In this serie, some works can be listed such as Dang Van Phan, To Hoang Kia, Nguyen Khanh Van and others. 1.2. General rationales of dissertation 1.2.1. The concepts of tourism According to the Vietnam Tourism Law in 2017: “Tourism is an activity related to human outside of his regular residence with the 5 time under 1 year in order to meet the needs of sightseeing, study, entertainment, and relaxation in certain time period or other purpose’’ “Tourism resources are Tourism resources are natural landscapes, natural elements, cultural and historical relics, human creative works and other human values can be used to to meet the demand for tourism, is a basic element to form tourism zones, tourism spots, tourism routes, tourism towns. Tourism resources include nature resources and cultural resources”. Tourism territorial organizations include tourism destinations, tourist area, tourism route, tourism centre. 1.2.2. Tourism resource – condition for tourism development According to the Vietnam Tourism Law in 2017: "Natural tourism resources include elements of geology, topography, geomorphology, climate, hydrology, ecosystems, natural landscapes that can be used for tourism purpose”. "Humanities tourism resources include cultural traditions, folk cultural and artistic elements, historical, revolutionary, archeological, architectural, and creative labor works of people and other physical and intangible cultural heritage can be used for tourism purposes”. 1.2.3. Climatic conditions and bioclimatic resources According to the Agriculture Encyclopedia “Bioclimate which is a interdisciplinary science between Climate and Ecology studies the effects of climate on living organisms”. In a certain environment, bioclimatic conditions which are one of an ecological condition affecting all organisms (flora and fauna, microorganisms, humans) include typical signs of weather such as radiation, temperature, precipitation, humidity, etc. These conditions are used for the human purposes called bioclimatic resources. The research on human health for tourism purposes is the study of climate and weather conditions impacting on human health, tourism organization, tourism activities. This research needs to point out the favorable and unfavorable periods of bio-climate conditions for human health, for each kind of tourism in certain region. 1.3. Research viewpoints and methods 1.3.1. Research viewpoints The following research points are used in this dissertation: System points; General points; Historical – Perspective points. 6 1.3.2. Research mothods 1.3.2.1. System of general research methods: The following popular methods are used in this dissertation: Methods of data collection, analysis and processing; Field practical methods; Map and GIS methods; Professional solution. 1.3.2.2. Rationale of physical geographic zoning Inheriting the results of local and world researchers about geographic zoning, studies of the natural characteristics of the Southern Vietnam, the PhD student has selected 5 principles of zoning of physical geography in the Southern Vietnam as followed: objective; incurred; systemized; relative homogeneity and same territory. The choice of zoning of physical geography in Southern Vietnam includes 3 following methods: zoning according to the key factor; linkage analysis of constituent components; comparative geography, in addition there are many other methods such as map, field practie, ancient geography, geophysics, geochemistry, mathematics. Based on the differentiation characteristics of the physical geography in Southern Vietnam, PhD student has selected to inherit the results of physical geography zoning by research group Pham Hoang Hai, Nguyen Thuong Hung, Nguyen Ngoc Khanh (1997) with the 3-level system: Zone  Region  Area for zoning of physical geography in Southern Vietnam. 1.3.2.3. Methods for assessing resources and bioclimatic conditions a. Rationale for evaluating the systhemizing of resources According to work of Pham Trung Luong: “Assessing natural conditions and natural resources for tourism are used to determine the level of convenience(good, medium, poor) of natural conditions and natural resources for the whole tourism activities in general or for each tourism types, each specific activities in service of tourism in particular”. Step 1. Establishment of Evaluationt Scale: selecting evaluation criteria, determining grades, targets, scores for each rank and coefficient of each criterion. Step 2. Evaluating Process: In the topic, the PhD student uses the average score to evaluate the results. 7 Step 3: Result Evaluation ∑ (CT1) In which: X: average score/ ki: coefficient of i criterion/ Xi: criteria: evaluation score of i criterion / i: evaluation criteria, i = 1,2,3...n. Based on the average score to classify the rating levels from RTL to ITL. Levels are determined by the formula (CT2) CT2: (CT2) m: ratting number (m=4) In which: Level 1: Xmin ≤ X1 <Xmin +∆X Level 2: X1 ≤ X2< X1 + ∆X Level 3: X2 ≤ X3 < X2 + ∆X Level 4: X3 ≤ X4 <Xmax b. Evaluation of bioclimate resource using tourism climate index TCI Tourism climate index – TCI was established by Mieczkowski (1985). CT3: TCI = (8*CID) + (2*CIA) + (4*R) + (4*S) + (2*W) In which: CID: Daytime comfort index (Daytime thermal comfort index is based on average maximum temperature and average minimum relative humidity) / CIA: Daily comfort index (Daily comfort index is based on average air temperature and average humidity) R: Average daily rainfall in a month / S: Average number of sunny hours in a month / W: Average wind speed. 8 CHAPTER 2 CHARACTERISTICS OF RESOURCES AND BIOCLIMATIC CONDITIONS IN SOUTHERN VIETNAM 2.1. Nature Characteristics of Southern Vietnam 2.1.1. Geographic location of Southern Vietnam The Southern Vietnam is located in the South of Indochina peninsula, from latitude 8 o to latitude 12 o N. East-Southern Vietnam has an area of 23,590.7 km 2 , accounting for 7.1% of the whole country area. West-Southern Vietnam has an area of about 40,576 km 2 . The position of Southern Vietnam is the premise to create motivation to attract domestic and abroad tourists. 2.1.2. Geological and topographic characteristics of the Southern Viernam In the exploitation of tourism, the terrain of East-Southern Vietnam is very diverse: mountain topography is mainly distributed in the North, Northeast, midland terrain, selling plains of basalt soil with a height of 50-200 m. West-Southern Vietnam is a relatively flat delta, divided by interlaced system of rivers and streams, middle islands, riverside, island system and sea encroachment area with many pristine islands, some low mountains with the form of limestone mountain topography along the border with Cambodia. 2.1.3. Hydro-marine characteristics of Southern Vietnam The Southern Vietnam has two large river systems, including Dong Nai - Vam Co River with 586 km in length and Mekong River with 225 km in length. If East-Southern Vietnam is a region with great marine potential with beautiful beaches, West-Southern Vietnam has the potential conditions to form attractive tourism routes on the rivers. 2.1.4. Biological characteristics and territorial biodiversity Forest is the most prominent natural resource in Southern Vietnam. East-Southern Vietnam has 6 special forests, including 4 national parks, 01 nature reserve and 2 cultural-historical forests, Can Gio mangrove forest and Cat Tien National Park are the world biosphere reserves. West-Southern Vietnam has 2 world biosphere reserves, 5 national parks, 4 nature conservation zones, 3 species 9 conservation zones, 7 habitat protection zones and 1 forest area for scientific experimental research, Minh Hai mangrove forest research and application center (Ca Mau). 2.1.5. Characteristics of bioclimate resources of Southern Vietnam Southern Vietnam climate is characterized by the equatorial tropical climate with humid monsoon, high solar radiation, large number of sunshine hours, high annual average temperature, low annual temperature amplitude and abundant rainfall. However, there are still differences among regions as well as among localities in the region. That difference has affected production and business activities as well as tourism seasonality, the ability to develop tourism types. 2.2. Characteristics of humanitarian tourism resources of Southern 2.2.1. Cultural and historical relics Shouthern Vietnam is the most abundant land of religious belief in Vietnam, with many particularly important relics and high values for tourism. East-Shouthern Vietnam has 156 cultural and historical relics of cultural heritage ranked nationally, including 1 intangible cultural heritage of the world, 7 special national monuments. West-Shouthern Vietnam has 182 cultural and historical relics ranked nationally, including 6 special national monuments. Artistic architectural monuments include many types such as pagodas, temples, shrines, cathedrals and ancient houses associated with the spiritual life and indigenous people's culture. 2.2.2. Folk culture festival In Southern Vietnam, the folk festivals of Vietnamese people are still unified from the North to the South, with central festivals attracting a large number of pilgrims to attend. The total number of festivals in West-Southern Veitnam is 1,237 festivals. 2.2.3. Traditional handicraft villages Handicrafts in the East-Southern Vietnam are not many but quite unique. East-Southern Vietnam has about 90 traditional handicraft villages with many exploiting values for tourists. Besides, West-Southern Vietnam currently has 211 handicraft villages. 2.2.4. Other humanitarian resources Culinary culture: folk cuisine is unique regarded as high cultural value for tourism development. Traditional art: Southern 10 Vietnam culture has two main characteristics: the characteristics of the river delta and the continuation of cultural elements of the Cham, Khmer and Chinese into Vietnamese culture in the region. 2.3. Classification of bioclimate and establishment of a bioclimatic map for Southern Vietnam 2.3.1. Determinination of the criteria for classification of bioclimate in Southern Vietnam From the results of analysis and systemization of climate statistic data for the purpose of developing tourism types, the PhD student mainly uses two basic elements: heat and humidity to classify bioclimate of Southern Vietnam with 03 criteria. presented in the form of combinational matrix: annual average air temperature, total annual rainfall, and number of rainy days 2.3.2. Results of classification of tourism bioclimate for Southern Veitnam As a result, there are 12 types of bioclimate in the Southern Vietnam. They are expressed through a set of symbols such as: IAa, IBb, ICc, IDb, etc. The characterization of bioclimatic units is carried out in sequence from the types of bioclimate: III – relative hot, II - hot, to: I - very hot; From the bioclimatic type of heavy rainfall (A), moderate rain (B), little rain (C) to very little rain (D); based on the number of rainy days: high (a), moderate (b), low (c), very low (d). 2.3.3. Establishment of a map of bioclimate classification for Southern Vietnam The establishment of bioclimatic maps must adhere to the following principles: reflecting the climate characteristics of the researched territory, their differentiation in space, reflecting favorable aspects and limitations of bioclimatic conditions for organizing tourism types and the implementation of tourism activities in the study area, reflecting the nature of the impacts of climate factors on human health and implementation of tourism activities. The methods used to establish bioclimate maps include statistical methods and data processing, field practical methods and methods of using GIS geographic information systems. The mapping method to show the main contents of the map is the point sign method (meteorological stations), method of combining brush strokes with quality base (bioclimate types). The 1: 250,000 map scale is determined by contents and research territories. 11 12 2.3.4. Evaluation of the characteristics of tourism bioclimate in Southern Vietnam using TCI index According to results of the assessment and calculation of climate data series at meteorological stations in Southern Vietnam in the period from 1980 to 2015, it is showed that TCI of Southern Vietnam mainly is in the range of 40- 54 (from the acceptable threshold to relatively good), which means that it is possible to develop tourism activities. In 12 months, TCI <40 (unfavorable for tourism activities) only appears on average from 1 to 3 months. There is only 1 month with TCI unfavorable for tourism development in some places such as Vung Tau, Can Tho, Cao Lanh, Chau Doc, even Con Dao did not have any unfavorable months for tourism activities. From May to November, TCI is at an acceptable threshold for implementing tourism activities. TCI up to 60 - 80 points (good to very good) is popular in 4 months from December, January, February and March, which is the dry season in Southẻn Vietnam. By April, TCI begins to decrease lower at limited level for tourism activities. 2.4. Zoning and zone mapping of physical geography of Southern Vietnam 2.4.1. Establishing a zone map of physical geography of Southern Vietnam The principles are implemented in map establishment are: ensurement of accuracy, science and updating; specific purpose; Objects and phenomena are categorized and fully expressed, scientifically from the content to the glossaries; ensure accurate geographical location. The methods are used to show the map content including: Road sign method; Quality background methods and brush strokes, based on territorial characteristics and the content shown to determine the map scale at 1: 250,000. 13 Inheriting the results of the study of physiall geographic zoning in Vietnam and the differentiation of natural conditions of Pham Hoang Hai - Nguyen Thuong Hung - Nguyen Ngoc Khanh (1997) Southern Vietnam is divided by 3 levels of physical geographyic zoning: Zone  region  area. Zone: is determined by the heat-moist criteria. Located in the tropical monsoon landscape, Southern Vietnam belongs to the South zone, which has the dry South-West monsoon with prolonged dry season and no cold winter. Region: is a set of similar areas in terms of arising, with the same geomorphological structure, the same development history with similar characteristics of climatic conditions under the impact of circulation and terrain, similar characteristics about organisms, the same characteristics about ethnic communities, creating a similar level of technical impact on nature. Area: according to the actual differentiation of natural conditions, the level of regional division is determined based on the tectonic - geomorphological criteria, with the typical points of hydrological characteristics, differentiation criteria between the sea and land. 2.4.2. Results of zoning of physical geography in Southern Vietnam Southern Vietnam has 3 zoning levels, in which the highest level is Southern zone, consisting of two different physical geographic regions: Region of the East-Southern highland delta (I) characterized by the terrain region with low hills and high deltas, relatively ancient, gradually rising with ancient steps + 20m, + 40m and + 100m, large basalt eruptions filled the valleys between ancient stone blocks; Region of the West-Southern Delta (II) The main characterized by the relatively flat and low delta area below 10 m, 14 young, wide, fast-growing, built up by the alluvium of the Mekong River and the Saigon - Dong Nai river system during the period of sea level rise slowly from 7 thousand years ago. This region tends to sink in general. The lowest zoning level is area. the Southẻn Vietnam has 11 areas. East-Southern Vietnam region is divided into 3 areas based on tectonic - geomorphological criteria. Meanwhile, the West-Southern Vietnam region consists of 8 areas based on tectonic criteria - geomorphology and the norm differentiation between sea and land, which consists of 6 inland areas and 2 areas of coastal islands. Table 2.4. Zoning system of physical geography in Southern Vietnam Southern Vietnam (South zone) – dry South-West monsoon, no cold winter Region S ymbol I. East-Southern region 1. High hills in Binh Duong – Binh Phuoc – Dong Nai I.1 2. Ancient alluvial shelf area in Tay Ninh – Ho Chi Minh City – Dong Nai I.2 3. East-Southern coastal area I.3 II. West-Southern region 4. Dong Thap Muoi area II.1 5. Delta area of Tien river and Hau river II.2 6. Coastal area of Tien and Hau rivers II.3 7. Long Xuyen quadrangle area II.4 8. Lowland area of western Hau river II.5 9. Ca Mau peninsula II.6 10. Island area of Gulf of Thailand II.7 11. Island area of eastern West-Southern region II.8 15 16 CHAPTER 3 GENERAL EVALUATION OF TOURISM RESOURCES AND BIOCLIMATIC CONDITIONS FOR TOURISM TYPES OF SOUTHERN VIETNAM 3.1. Basis for selection and evaluation of tourism types in Southern Vietnam In the scope of this dissertation, PhD student only assesses several typical tourism types, depending on the resources and sustainability factors. The selected tourism types for evaluation include: 1) Natural sightseeing tourism; 2) Relaxation tourism: 3) Ecotourism; 4) Cultural tourism. These are sustainable, less harmful to the environment, with long-term and unique potential. 3.2. Evaluation of tourism resources for tousirm types in Southern Vietnam 3.2.1. Evaluation of tourism resources for Natural Sightseeing Tourism development Sightseeing tourism is mainly taken place in areas with beautiful landscapes, diverse and unique topography, diverse organisms, favorable bioclimatic conditions. The PhD student decided to assess on 4 criteria: landscape, topography, biology, bioclimatic conditions. Based on the average score of each area, the PhD student divides the level of advantage of each area for sightseeing tourism in 4 evaluation levels. Among the selected criteria, their influence on Sightseeing Tourism varies. Based on the characteristics and requirements of the Sightseeing Tourism and the expert opinions, the most important influence factor is the landscape, the second is the terrain, the third is the organism and bioclimate conditions. This is the basis for determining the coeficients of the criteria. As a result of assessing the advantages of Sightseeing Tourism, we found that the two areas I.3 and II.4 are very convenient. 4 areas I.1, I.2, II.7, II.8 have a convenient level for tourism development. Areas II.3 and II.6 are quite convenient for Sightseeing Tourism. Areas II.1, II.2, II.5 are less convenient for Sightseeing Tourism. 3.2.2. Evaluation of tourism resources for Relaxation Tourism development 17 Relaxation Tourism is a tourism type combining with health recovery and healing. The areas with the most convenient bioclimate for human health and beautiful natural landscapes are the conditions for developing Relaxation Tourism. The PhD student selected 4 criteria: climate, beach, terrain and landscape. Bioclimatic condition is the most important factor for Relaxation Tourism development. It is determined as highest coefficient, the beach is the second important factor, followed by the terrain factor, finally the landscape has lowest coefficient in the rating scale. In addition, criteria such as biological resources (biodiversity, forest vegetation, subtropical fruits and vegetables ...) are also considered and evaluated but not decentralized. Based on the average score of each area, the results of convineint level of each area are as follows: I.3 areas achieve very convenient level for Relaxation Tourism development. Areas II.4, II.7 and II.8 are convenient. Areas I.1, I.2, II.2, II.3 are at the quiet convenient level. Less convenient for Relaxation Tourism development is belong to I.1, II.5, II.6 3.2.3. Evaluation of tourism resources for Ecotourism development Ecotourism is a tourism type based on indigenous nature and culture, associated with environmental education, contributing to conservation and sustainable development efforts with active participation of local communities. Thereby, the PhD student determined the requirements for ecotourism development as the following 3 criteria: natural ecosystem with high ecological diversity, bioclimatic conditions affecting tourist’s health when traveling, terrain creating favorable conditions for travel. According to expert opinions, criteria, evaluation level and score of biological criteria, bioclimatic condition criteria and topographical criteria for Ecotourism development can be used to evaluate these resources for Sightseeing Tourism development (Section 3.2.1). The impact level of these criteria decreases as followed chain: biology, terrain and bioclimatic condition. 18 Based on the average scores of the criteria, the results of the advantages of the areas for Ecotourism development are evaluated as follows: The level of very convenient assessment for Ecotourism is achieved by two regions I.3 and II.4. There are 6 areas with convenient assessment for ecotourism development, including: II.7, II.8, I.1, I.2, II.1, II.6. Areas II.3 and II.5 are assessed at relatively convenient levels, area II.2 is at the low convenient lvel for Ecotourism development due to the concentration of major agricultural and monotonous ecosystems. 3.2.4. Evaluation of tourism resources for Cultural Tourism development "Cultural Tourism is a type of tourism based on national cultural identity with the participation of the community to preserve and promote traditional cultural values". Thereby, the PhD student defined 3 important criteria for developing Cultural Tourism: cultural heritage including physical and intangible. Bioclimate is just a condition for organizing Cultural Tourism. The most important physical cultural heritage with a coefficient of 0.5, coefficient of intangible cultural heritage is 0.33, Bioclimate has the lowest coefficient at 0.17. Areas I.2, I.3, II.2, II.4, II.8 are evaluated as very convenient level for Cultural Tourism development. Areas I.1, II.3 and II.8 have convenient level for Cultural Tourism development. The areas II.1 are assessed quiet convenient. Low convenient level for Cultural Tourism development is belong to areas II.6 and II.7. 3.3. General synthesis of convenience levels of 4 tourism types in each area Based on the evaluation criteria and the convenience level of tourism types according to areas, the results of general assessment of convenience levels of 4 tourism types are as follows: Areas I.3, II.4, II.8 achieve very convenient level for general development of all tourism types. Convenient level for tourism development is belong to 4 areas, including I.1, I.2, II.3, II.7. Besides areas II.1, II.2, II.5, II.6 achieve the assessment of quiet convenient level for tourism 19 development. These areas often have no landscape, or monotonous landscapes, not concentrated distribution of natural resources, limited bioclimatic conditions for tourism. 3.4. Space orientation for developing tourism types in Southern Vietnam 3.4.1. Current statement of tourism development in Southern Vietnam The number of tourists of Southern Vietnam increased rapidly. In terms of statistics, domestic tourists dominate in Southern Vietnam, international tourists also increase in quantity. East- Southern Vietnam region has the highest revenue in the whole country (2015), accounting for 46% of the total tourism revenue of th