Tóm tắt Luận án Promoting natural capital for social - Economic development in the red river delta

he social – economic development in the Red River Delta Researches on promotion of natural capital for the social – economic development in the Red River Delta are still diminutive, almost focusing on aspect of exploiting, use and conserving or restoring a particular natural capital. 1.5. The research gap and intended contributions of the Thesis 1.5.1. Research gap (1) As a result of important role of natural capital and increasingly becoming exhausted and declining, it is necessary to develop and promote the natural capital for the regional social – economic development. (2) still lacking the comprehensive study on promote the natural capital for the regional social – economic development compatible to the distinct circumstance of the region. ((3) There is still no full and comprehensive research on promoting the natural capital for the social – economic development in the Red River Delta although this issue has been often studied with case study of a concrete natural capital or simple just a report on specific natural assets in the region. (4) Red River Delta has its own features in comparison with other regions in the country. 1.5.2. Research’s focus (1) Sheding the light on theoretical issues on natural capital and promoting the natural capital for regional social – economic development. (2) Development of effect factors of promoting the natural capital for regional social – economic development in the Red River Delta, pointing out which factor has highest impact. (3) Analyzing the current state of promoting natural capital for for regional social – economic development through the evaluation index. Pointing out the outcomes and limiations in the promoting of the natural capital for social – economic development in the Red River Delta and (4) proposing and recommending the solutions on promotion of the natural capital for regional social – economic development in the coming time. CHAPTER 2 Theoretical base on the promotion of natural capital for the regional social – economic development and practical experiences 2.1. Concepts 2.1.1. Capital and Natural Capital 2.1.1.1. Capital - Reviewing the concepts of capital developed over the time, from different perspectives. - Identifying capital can have many forms, however, under any form, the nature of capital is that the use of capital should conserve the original capital and use effectively to have a gain or profit. 2.1.1.2. The concept of natural capital Differing from the natural resources or natural assets, the concept of natural capital is seeing nature from the concept of capital; the natural resources or natural assets once come into use, it becomes natural capital; natural capital is broader than natural assets, it includes the natural resources and its value, consisting of ecosystems and the ecological products and services provided by the natural resources. Natural capital should be considered as an important input and should be used assuring that original capital is be preserved and having profit. 2.1.2. The promoting the natural capital - Reviewing the concept of promoting and shedding the light on concept of promotion from the viewpoint of natural capital. - Promoting the natural capital is to identify the value of natural capital, use it effectively and sustainably so as to increase the contributions and its value over time. 2.1.3. Region and social – economic development 2.1.3.1. Region Region concept is used the concept mentioned in the current Planning Law. Region is prt of national territory consisting of several adjacent provinces, cities linked through a river basin or having a similarity on the natural conditions, social – economic, history, citizen, infrastructure and interactive relation to create a sustainable linkage altogether. 2.1.3.2. The regional social – economic development The regional social – economic development is the process of changing over time to become more advanced in all social economic aspects of the region having a similarity on the natural conditions, social – economic, history, citizen, infrastructure and interactive relation to create a sustainable linkage altogether. 2.1.4. Promoting the natural resources for the regional social – economic development Promoting the natural resources for the social – economic development is to orienting the investment, exploitation and take advantage of strong points, preserve and develop the value of nature ensuring that becoming more advanced in all aspects, achieving the current and future social – economic targets. 2.2. Categories and features of natural resources 2.2.1. Categories The natural capital is categorized based on perspectives, including: Based on the source: the groups that have source origin from biology and non-biology. Based on the stage of development: potential natural capital, exploited natural capital and reserved natural capital. Based on the renewable capacity: renewable and non-renewable natural capital; eternal natural capital. Based on the capacity of supplying the products and services: ecological natural capital and ecological products and services Based on the usage: energy, minerals, land, forest, water resources, fishery, climate. 2.2.2. Features of natural capital 2.2.2.1. Origin Natural capital provides natural resources and services from the nature. Natural capital is abundant and unevenly distributed. 2.2.2.2. Ownership Ownership of the natural capital can be decided by the government and the exploitation time is important for the ownership to exist. Those persons who have ownership have different rights such as: right for exploitation, right for usage or sharing or transferring or even excluding the others from the allocating the profit sharing brought by natural capital. 2.2.2.3. Scarcity Natural capital has a definite limitation, along with the economic development, it is diminished from using it and therefor becoming more scarce 2.2.2.4. Replacement Although it is quite flexible, it can be used for multiple-purposes; some natural capitals can be alternative for each other. Therefore, depending on the use’s purpose, the considering which natural capital is used is important so as to have optimal use of that resource. 2.2.2.5. Economic feature Natural capital is a special wealth and input for many economic activities. 2.3. The relationship between promoting the natural resources and regional social – economic development 2.3.1. The role of natural capital in the regional social – economic development First, natural capital is a foundation for social – economic development in order to achieve the sustainable and comprehensive growth. Second, it is a basis for energy production, food and water security. Third, it supports for main economic sectors. Fourth, its has an important role in adapting to climate change. 2.3.2. Necessity of promoting the natural capital for the regional social – economic development First, in all conditions, natural capital is a resource for social – economic development and becoming more scarce. Second, to promote the natural capital, first of all the valuation, evaluation of natural capital should be done. Third, ecological quality is products. Fourth, once the natural capital is promoted, it is put into the national accounting system. Fifth, promoting the natural capital is to boost the green growth. 2.4. Effect factor of promoting the natural capital for the regional social – economic development 2.4.1. Subjective factors 2.4.1.1. Awareness on promoting the natural capital for the regional social – economic development 2.4.1.2. The practicality and accountability of legislation system related to promoting the natural capital for the regional social – economic development 2.4.1.3. Capacity of the State Management on natural capital management. 2.4.1.4. Human resources for promoting the natural capital for the regional social – economic development Nhân lực phát huy vốn tự nhiên 2.4.2. Objective factors 2.4.2.1. Scale and quantity of natural capital 2.4.2.2. Distribution of natural capital 2.4.2.3. Production structure 2.4.2.4. Social – economic development level 2.4.2.5. Technology development level 2.5. Evaluation on the promotion of the natural capital for the regional social – economic development 2.5.1. Index for evaluating the contribution level of the promotion of the natural capital for the regional social – economic development Promoting the natural capital is to improve the contributions and value of the natural capital to the process of social – economic development through exploitation, use, conservation and development of natural capital, consequently, the original capital can be preserved and gain more profits. There are many index that can be used to evaluation on the promotion of the natural capital for the regional social – economic development such as: index on current state of natural capital; index on effective, sustainable use of natural capital; index on institution, policy and management on the natural capital use and index on efficiency of promoting the natural capital. The selection of these index should be considered reasonably for regional social – economic development. 2.5.2. Some concrete indicator 2.5.2. 1. Indicator for evaluating the wasteful use of natural capital 2.5.2.2. Indicator for evaluating the improved quality and value of natural capital 2.5.2.3 Indicator for evaluating institution for promotion of natural capital 2.5.2.4 Indicator for evaluating efficiency of promoting natural capital for the regional social – economic development. 2.6. Practical experience on the promotion of the natural capital for the regional social – economic development 2.6.1. Some countries’ practical experiences Reviewing the experiences of EU, US, China, Malaysia in using economic instruments such as: environment protection fee and tax for the promotion of the natural capital for the regional social – economic development; integrating the ecological approach into the planning process; providing the ownership and volunteer certificate for land, water use in EU. 2.6.2 Mekong Delta and the central coastal region of Vietnam’s experiences Similarly, the experiences of US, China, Malaysia as well as Mekong Delta and the central coastal region of Vietnam also are reviewed with a particular attention on the instruments, policies, planning and solutions for promotion of the natural capital for the regional social – economic development. 2.6.3. Lesson Learnt for the Red River Delta First, legislation is first instrument, having strong impact on management and promotion of natural capital. Second, the government should consider the economic instruments in accordance with natural capital valuation. Thirds, each natural capital should be planned with the usage options based on zoning according to the typical feature of each area. Fourth, policy for promoting each natural capital should be developed basing on its own feature. Fifth, development of index, indicators on quality evaluation as well as natural capital management. Chapter 3 Current state of promoting natural capital for social – economic development in the Red River Delta 3.1. An overview on the Red River Delta 3.1.1. Red River Delta in the system of region of Vietnam The Red River Delta is a large area, laying in the downstream of Red River in the North of Vietnam, consisting of 02 cities, namely Hà Nội, Hải Phòng, 09 provinces: Quảng Ninh, Bắc Ninh, Hải Dương, Hưng Yên, Thái Bình, Nam Định, Hà Nam, Ninh Bình, Vĩnh Phúc. The Red River Delta has a huge potential and advantages compared with other economic regions with a favorable geographic location, abundant and various natural resources, human resources’ quality, high density of population, flat and low land and developed infrastructure for the social – economic development. 3.2. Effect factor on promotion of natural capital for social – economic development in the Red River Delta 325.1. Modelling Each effect factor is equivalent to an independent variable. In which, there are 09 independent variables, namely: awareness, legislative institution and management capacity, human resources for promoting natural capital, social – economic development, production structure, technology development level, natural capital distribution and scale of natural capital and one dependent variable on natural capital promotion. The total of observation parameters for independent one are 40 and 03 observation variable for dependent variable Survey objectives: manager in the field of natural resource and environment, production entrepreneurs and households. The questionnaire is designed with Likert 5 levels for evaluating the index of above-mentioned factors. The sample has 487 votes. 3.2.2. Effect factor analysis 3.2.2.1. Evaluation In calibrated 9 independent variables, almost has highly evaluated confidence. Only “Natural capital scale’’ calibration has Cronbach’s Alpha 0.424 less than 0.5, it does not meet the requirement. Excluding this observation variable and as a result of re-calibrating, Cronbach’s Alpha reaches 0.716 > 0.5, satisfying the confidence. 3.2.2.2. Statistic explanation on current state on effect factor on promotion of natural capital for social – economic development in the Red River Delta According to the survey result, evaluating 9 variables in practices almost achieve an average level of from 3 to 4. 3.2.2.3. EFA factor analysis After analyzing factor, the model was adjusted with 09 independent variables, 33 observation variable, and 01 independent variable withdrawn for modelling calibration. 3.2.2.4. Regression Analysis Regression Equation showing the relationship between the promotion of natural capital for social – economic development in the Red River Delta with effect factor is as following : Y = 0,081* X1 + 0,145* X2 + 0,094*X3 + 0,233*X4 + 0,075*X5 + 0,137*X6 + 0,291*X7 + 0,149*X8 + 0,151*X9 In which, Y : promotion of natural capital for social – economic development in the Red River Delta. X1: arwareness. X2: legislative institution. X3: management capacity. X4: human resurces for promoting natural capital, X5: social – economic development. X6: production structure. X7: technology development level. X8: natural capital distribution and X9: scale of narutal capital. All variables are directly proportional to the independent variable. 3.3. Foundation for promotion of natural capital for social – economic development in the Red River Delta 3.3.1. The Government’s policies A number of important laws and policies, legal documents have been developed and implemented so far. Such as Law on water resources 2012; Law on land use 2013, Law on Mineral resources, Law on Biodiversity and accordingly, many legal documents under the Law also developed and implemented. 3.3.2. Locality’s policies Based on the government’s enacted legislation, the localities also focus on implementing the guidelines, planning on water resources management, forestation, land use planning and its associated mechanism, instruments, conserving biodiversity 3.4. Current state of promoting natural capital for social – economic development in the Red River Delta 3.4.1. Contributions of promoting natural capital to the economic development. Promoting the natural capital has brought into direct contribution of natural capital to the economic development in the region. GDP in 2016 of the region accounted for 23% GDP of the country; promoting the advantage of natural resources, the economic production has been significantly changed in the direction of increased industry, construction, services areas and reduced agriculture and fishery areas. 3.4.2. Constributions of promoting natural capital to social development. The region has an abundant labor resources. As a result of economic development, more job relating to the natural capital based production industries have been created; many mechanisms and policies for promoting the natural capital have been done, create significant change in sectors, therefore providing more job opportunities for labor in the region, especially in the fields ecological tourism, environment industry. According to the statistic, in the recent years, the income per capita in the region also increase remarkably. 3.4.3. Contributions of promoting natural capital to the economic development to environmental protection Natural capital exploitation and use’s efficiency is still limited; the exploitation and use of the natural capital is still wasteful and in unsustainable manner, especially land use, water resources and minerals. For instance: as for water resources, the function of water has been declined; rivers, canals in some areas are highly polluted; as a result of climate change, the quality of water resources has been negatively impacted. The region still has not paid sufficient attention on the water resources; it has not been full accounted and valued; and not considered as valuable capital that must be used sustainable and effectively. Regarding the minerals, the common thing that can be easily seen so far is illegal exploitation of mineral resources or for some provinces, there is a phenomenon of over-exploitation of coal, sand for construction consequently, putting negative impact on the construction sites on the banks of rivers in many areas in the region 3.5. General assessment of promoting the natural capital for social – economic development in the Red River Delta 3.5.1. Assessment of natural capital 3.5.1.1. Advantage of natural capital First, the region has abundant water resources including surface water and underground water. Second, land in the region also has various type of soils. Third, afforestation has been much focus in recent years. Fifth, mineral resources in the region are mainly coal and white clay. 3.5.1.2. Shortcomings on natural capital First, the region still faces with the water shortage, especially lacking clean water, some areas even face with drought. Second, land is one of high valued resources of the region however, as a result of appropriate planning, land has not been use effectively, in some places, areas, the land quality is contaminated, causing the quality of land has been declined, impacting on the agricultural production in some areas in the region. Third, forest is diminutive in the region although the afforestation has been paid high attention in recent years. Fifth, mineral resources are not abundant, and exploited at alarming rate. 3.5.2. Limitations on promoting the natural capital for the social – economic development in the Red River Delta First, model for promotion of the natural capital for social – development is featured with linear model. Second, state management and human resources for natural capital management still have limitation. Third, the valuation to provide the basis for promotion of natural capital has not much been done in practice. Fourth, legal documents are still lacking and sometimes, it has been enacted on time, causing difficulties in management. Fifth, economic instruments application is still weak; Sixth, awareness on natural capital is till limited. CHAPTER 4 Orientations and solutions to effectively promote the natural capital for the regional social – economic development in the Red River Delta until 2030 4.1. Context 4.1.1. International and regional context Currently, in the world, natural resources have been considered as an important resource for the social – economic development. However, the natural resources in many areas have been exploited and used in unstainable manner, causing depletion and scarcity of the natural resources and becoming a limit factor for development. In order to promote the natural capital for the regional social – economic development, a number of policies, mechanism such as economics instrument, sustainable management polices has been paid higher attention for effectively contribute for sustainable development. 4.1.2. Domestic context In contrast with the international context, awareness on the natural capital in Vietnam in general and in the Red River Delta sill limited. The weak management as well as the lacking of policies, institutions also results in difficulties in investment in natural capital. 4.2. Orientation and targets for promotion of the natural capital for the regional social – economic development 4.2.1. New approach viewing natural resources as a capital resource for social – economic development Investment in natural capital basing on the valuation and evaluation of natural capital is the effective way to solve the natural resource’s depletion as well as cope with the environmental, social issues in the context of climate change, increased food security and water security. These investment is aiming at sustainable and comprehensive development. 4.2.2. Viewpoints on promotion of natural resources First, promotion of natural capital should be based on the sustainable points of view. Second, promoting the natural capital should be combined with the social – economic requirement and should have a strategy and priorities. Third, promoting the natural resources should be under the control and management of legislation system and local government. 4.2.3. Target of promoting natural capital First, use effectively the natural capital; second, conserve the value of natural capital and invest to have profit. Third, meeting the increasingly high demand on quantity and quality of natural capital for social – economic development. 4.2.4. Requirement for promoting the natural capital Identify clearly natural capital areas that is allowed for use and the areas should be preserved. Quantifying consumption for each natural capital based on the valuation and evaluation in accordance with the sustainable principles. Promote the technology development to save, use effectively natural resources and seek new alternatives for non - renewable resources. Social – economic development must guarantee that the sustainability, ecological environment, contributing to improved life quality at localities. 4.3. Some solutions to promote the natural capital for the regional social – economic development in the Red River Delta Some solutions to promote the natural capital in the region should focus on: management solution, technology solutions and human resource’ increased education and training. 4.3.1. Application of modern technology for natural capital exploitation and usage 4.3.1.1. Technology solutions Application of advanced technology as an important solution for efficient use of land, water and biodiversity and protect environment in the region such as new technology in land use management; high tech developed for agricultural production with water use saving, improved crop quantity, water quality treatment. 4.3.1.2. Management solutions * Solutions for effective use of land and land’s environmental protection First, it is required to land use must comply with and unite with the land use planning. Second, it is necessary to develop and perfect legislation system and the concerned guidelines on land use. Third, implement sustainable land use policies and instruments. * Solutions for effective use of water resource and water resource’s environmental protection First, implement the water resource integrated management based on river basins. Second, socialize the water resource management. Third, protect surface water. Fourth, protect the underground water. * Forest and biodiversity conservation First, as regard to the policy and legislation: it is required to continue perfecting the system of legal documents on forest and biodiversity. Second, increase the community’s awareness. Third, strengthen the personnel’s capacity. Fourth, promote the international cooperation. 4.3.2. Strengthening the education and training, increase capacity of personnel on natural capital valuation - Review and examine the entire existing personnel of the environmental and natural resource sector. - Development of human resources strategy for each period for every level from official to manager. - Review and develop education and training program from undergraduate to doctoral level; order the education and training institution based on the employment demand of the sectors; support those institutions in education and training to meet the requirement at all levels and types of work. - Develop the plan to re-educate and train the existing staffs and newly- employed staffs. - Strengthen the human resources’ education and training management in the field of environment and natural resources to be more effective and regularly adjust the planning and use it more effectively in accordance with change in the practical management, use and exploitation of natural capital. 4.3.3. Development of legislation and polici