Association of training and labor use in Nghe An province phát triển hợp tác xã vận tài thủy - Bồng bằng

arch concepts in each factor (barrier, motivation, forms) from experimental data. The research concept structure discovered from factor analysis continues to be assessed for reliability by Cronbach's Alpha coefficient and the total variable correlation coefficient. Afterwards, the author proposes a specific research model based on experimental data from the results of factor discovery analysis. In order to evaluate the relationship between factors in the research model, the author proposed to use correlation analysis and regression analysis to evaluate causal relationships and test hypotheses, to evaluate the difference along with phases using Paired test used and to compare the difference between the vocational training facilities with analysis of variance (ANOVA). 5. The contributions of the topic This is a systematic study involving the link between Training and using employees in Nghe An, the thesis has made new contributions in terms of theory and practice such as: - The thesis has systemized the theoretical issues about the association between training and employers both within the country and abroad, clarifying the implicit meaning between training and employers, analyzing the factors that affect the training linkage and employers, and also analyse the criteria for evaluating the linkage between training and employers. The thesis has summarized lessons from countries and localities in the country to draw experiences on the link between training and employers in Nghe An. - The thesis has built a model of factors affecting the link between training and employers in the locality. - Evaluate the current status of linkage between training and employers in Nghe An, building scales of motivation and linkage barriers, thereby assessing the status of association and pointing out the advantages and limits, specify the reasons for such limitations. - The thesis has given views on the link between training and employers in localities in general and Nghe An province in particular, in order to propose solutions and recommendations to strengthen linkages in training and employers in Nghe An province. 6. The structure of the thesis In addition to the introduction, conclusion, list of research works, appendices, dissertation content are presented in 4 chapters: Chapter 1: Overview of research Chapter 2: Scientific basis of training association and employers Chapter 3: The status of joint training and employers in Nghe An Chapter 4: Solutions to strengthen linkages in training and employers in Nghe An Chapter I THE OVERVIEW OF THE RESEARCH TOP 1.1. Studies related to the connotation of training links and employers Methaya S. Monaiyapong (2004); German Federal Ministry of Education and Training (2003); Tazeen Fasih (2008); Lin and Gui Juan (2011); Markus and Simon (2015); Dang Hoang Vy (2016); Nguyen Van Anh (2009); Nguyen Van Tuan (2013); Luong Cong Ly (2014); Doan Nhu Hung (2018); Pham Xuan Thu (2009); Mac Van Tien (2013); Gunnar Specht and Clemens Aipperpach (2009); Cao Van Sam (2011); General Department of Vocational Training (2012); 1.2. Studies related to the association model and the factors affecting training and employment association Davey, T., Baaken, T., Muros, V.G., & Meerman, A. (2011); Nguyen Thi Thu Hang (2015); Le Anh Viet (2016); Mayombe and Celestin (2017); Pham Hong Trang (2017); Dinh Van Toan (2016); Nguyen Minh Hien, Nguyen Hoang Lan (2014); Luu Thanh Tam (2015); Nguyen Dinh Luan (2015). 1.3. Studies related to management and promotion of joint training and employers Asian Development Bank (2004, 2014); Nguyen Tuyet Lan (2015); Nguyen Thi Hang (2013); Nguyen Huu Dung (2002); Nguyen Ba Ngoc (2013), Trịnh Thu Nga (2016). However, up to now, there has not been any scientific research on the issue of linked training and employment of vocational education institutions and enterprises at the local level with characteristics of population, geography, cultural representative areas in Nghe An province, so the study of these issues has profound practical significance. Chapter II SCIENTIFIC BASIS ABOUT TRAINING ASSOCIATION AND USE OF LABORS 2.1. Some basic concepts 2.1.1. Training and employment Vocational training is considered as a training level from elementary, intermediate, college, and other forms of the education system to provide learners in a systematic way, knowledge and skills, career attitude and ability to adapt to the working environment, to meet the needs of human resources in production and business. Labor use is the use of human resources as an input factor in the production of goods and services. In business, the employer completes the assigned tasks, performs executive arrangement, assessment and payment of labor wages and other activities according to their production and business needs in order to create the order in labor resources to increase productivity, quality and efficiency. 2.1.2. Associate training and employers The link between training and employers is considered as: an official or unofficial voluntary relationship or interaction between the school and business in activities that benefit both sides (supply - demand in the labor market), at the same time, contribute to achieving the socio-economic development goals of the locality and the country. 2.2. Some theories and models linking training and employers - Human capital theory - Model Triple Helix of the relationship between school, business and government - Labor market theory and the school of institutional economics - Model of assessment of factors affecting association of training and employment 2.3. Content of linking training and employers 2.3.1. Content and form of training association and employers a. Training activities - Link innovation of teaching methods, practice and internship - Link innovation of testing and evaluation methods - Associate career counseling for students b. Use of trained employment Most of the forms of enrollment among schools and businesses are:  School trains students according to orders from enterprises  The school trains trainees sent by businesses.  The university cooperates with enterprises to carry out the enrollment campaign, creating potential human resources, ready to fill out the lack in the development strategy of the business. c. Research technology transfer Based on a combined process based on funding activities or transferring facilities and technology from business to school during the business cooperation process. d. Information exchange Based on activities related to introduction, exchange of information, and communication of scientific information such as publishing or participating in science and technology nurseries; implementing memorandum of understanding or partnership contract; assigning responsibilities and evaluating linked activities. 2.3.2. Degree of association training and employers  Discrete Links (Level 1)  Limited Links (Level 2)  Comprehensive Links (Level 3) 2.3.3. The role of key factors in linking training and employers - Training institution: training campuses that provide education and training services for people wishing to participate (students graduating from middle and high schools, untrained workers, workers want to improve their skills or change their jobs) on the basis of making training programs according to prescribed criteria and standards. - Enterprises: play an important role in contributing comments and making training programs derived from the need of labor in the near future; receiving interns and graduates; coordinating with the school in assessing the career skills of teachers and students. - State agencies: laws and policies on training and employment, and effective support programs for the cooperation between vocational education institutions and enterprises in training and employing trained workers. creating and developing the labor market information system, investing in labor market infrastructure. 2.4. The main factors affecting the linkage of training and employers 2.4.1. The motivating factor benefits - Financial incentives: motives stemming from the expectation of financial benefits obtained through cohesion activities, related to the following issues: State budget, tuition fees and revenues, other supports. - Motivations for knowledge development and application: motives related to the expectation aspects of benefits from the transfer of results or the realization of research and knowledge development through cohesion activities. - Teaching quality improvement drivers: aspects that promote the expectation of implementing the association to improve the training activities of the school and the employers of enterprises. 2.4.2. Affiliate barrier factors - Barrier caused by the gap in responsiveness between the two sides: barriers in terms of capacity and ability of the university such as collaborative experience, faculty readiness, cooperative culture for inter- activities of school and business. - Awareness barrier related to association activities: obstacles when lecturers, researchers, and laboratories are aware of the barriers due to inadequate awareness of the link activity they have, which they can make more effort to actively implement existing linkages. - Internal barrier: the association policy, the apparatus structure does not encourage the association activities, the assignment of powers to units and individuals hinders the association process. 2.4.3. The nature for the link - Legal framework - To forecast and provide information on the labor market - To organize job placement service 2.5. Research model of factors affecting training linkages and employers in Nghe An from the university side.  The linkage motive has a positive effect (+) on the level of implementation of forms of association between schools and businesses.  The linkage barrier has a negative effect (-) on the level of implementation of the association between schools and businesses. 2.6. International and domestic experiences and lessons for Nghe An 2.6.1. International experiences - Association model in Germany - Association model in Korea 2.6.2. Domestic experiences - Model of Quality Advisory Board in cooperation between Dong Nai High Technology Vocational College and enterprises - Participation model of professional associations in cooperation between Ho Chi Minh City Vocational and Industrial Technology College and water supply and drainage enterprises - Model of "module training" in the cooperation between Hai Phong Vocational College of Technology and enterprises 2.6.3. Lessons for Nghe An - Enterprises and schools must have the same awareness, especially about the immediate and long-term benefits - Trainees can learn with experts and technical staff from enterprises participating in the association with vocational education institutions to overcome barriers of lack of practical knowledge from schools. - Students learn in a way that combines theoretical and practical training at a certain rate, that is, students can learn experience about the subject in the work environment. - Government needs to participate and intervene to direct, guide and support through practical cooperation policies and mechanisms. - The training occupations suitable to the business needs are researched and updated by vocational training institutions with the support of specialized agencies to develop new and quality vocational training programs. Linkage motives Linkage barrier Forms, degree of the linkage CHAPTER 3 REAL SITUATION OF TRAINING ASSOCIATION AND LABOR USE IN NGHE AN 3.1. Characteristics and supply and demand situation of trained labor in Nghe An province Characteristics of population and labor force of Nghe An: As of April 1, 2019, Nghe An province has a population of 3,327,791 people (of which 1,672,901 are male, 1,654,890 are female), ranking 4th in the country in terms of population (following Ho Chi Minh City with 8,993,682 people, Hanoi with 8,053,663 and Thanh Hoa with 3,640,128 people). Compared to the survey 10 years ago (2009), Nghe An's population increased by 415,930 people, equivalent to an average population growth rate of 1.33%. Large labor scale with abundant human resource potential is a great advantage in the process of implementing the goals of national industrialization and modernization as well as socio-economic development in the area. Supply of trained labor in Nghe An: Over the past years, the scale of vocational training in the province has increased significantly. Within 5 years (2014 - 2019) the number of trainees with vocational training is up to 454,008 people, mainly focusing on primary training or training for less than 3 months. With many efforts in enrollment and training, the quality of vocational training in recent years has significant growth. Demand for trained labor in Nghe An: Demand for trained labor in Nghe An tends to increase sharply due to the growth of enterprises in the area. As of October 31, 2019, the province of Nghe An has more than 15,000 enterprises, production and business establishments operating. 3.2. Real situation of training association and labor use in nghe an 3.2.1. The need for association between businesses and vocational education institutions in Nghe An province In 2019, according to a survey by the Department of Labor and Employment under the Department of Labor, War Invalids and Social Affairs of Nghe An province about the need to use employees in enterprises with a survey scale of 800, of which most are businesses operating in the service industry (accounting for 47.8%) and enterprises in industry and construction (accounting for 38.3%). According to the survey results: + Enterprises operating in industry have the highest rate of cooperation with vocational training institutions, accounting for over 50%. + The cooperative relationship between enterprises and vocational training institutions is mainly concentrated in large enterprises, accounting for about 22.5%. + Cooperation between enterprises and vocational training institutions in State-owned enterprises and FDI enterprises is more freque1`nt than with non-state enterprises. 3.2.2. Content and form of training association and employers in Nghe An province 3.2.2.1. Real situation of content and form of training association and employers in general in the province According to a survey by the Nghe An Department of Labor, War Invalids and Social Affairs in 2019, the main form of cooperation between enterprises and vocational training institutions is to receive and guide interns in enterprises (accounting for 65.45% of the total number of enterprises industry participating in cooperation); followed by enterprises recruiting students after graduation (accounting for 53.39%). According to the survey results of the Department of Job Solving - Department of Labor, Invalids and Social Affairs of Nghe An in 2019, out of the total number of enterprises participating in the survey, 42.70% of enterprises have training for employees. Among the enterprises that provided training for workers, 24.8% of firms cooperated with vocational training institutions and 75.2% did not cooperate with vocational training institutions. 3.2.2.2. Real situation of content and form of association training and employers through analysis, investigation and research of the author in Nghe An province Through in-depth interviews with experts from the university, the author has summarized the evaluation results as follows: 14 indicators on the form of association, 15 indicators for promoting linkages and 16 indicators of link barriers. At the same time, through in-depth interviews with experts from enterprises, the author has summarized the evaluation results as follows: 12 indicators on the form of association, 10 indicators for promoting linkages, 14 indicators of link barriers. - Evaluation of officials, teachers and employees of vocational education institutions - Evaluation of leaders and managers of businesses - Assessment of trained employees at vocational training institutions working in the enterprise - Assessment of final year students at the training institution 3.2.3. Level and effectiveness of training association and labor use in Nghe An province 3.2.3.1. The situation of the linkage efficiency and level in general in the whole province Regarding the level of association, the survey results on the Relationship between enterprises and training institutions of school administrators also show that the number of enterprises that vocational schools in Nghe An have cooperated within. Over the past 5 years, at the level of comprehensive cooperation, there is no business; at the level of limited cooperation accounts for 13.64%; at the level of discrete cooperation accounting for 86.36%. Thereby, the level of linkage between schools and businesses is still at a low level (discrete cooperation accounts for the majority). 3.2.3.2. Current status of the level and effectiveness of the association through the author's investigation and survey analysis in Nghe An province - Evaluate the differences between schools on the degree of implementation of the forms of association: Vocational colleges have a larger training scale than vocational secondary schools. Therefore, the vocational college has a long training period, requires highly skilled trainees, requires technology closer to reality and the goal is more responsive to the business. Therefore, vocational colleges will have more diversified forms of association and closer cooperation with businesses than Vocational College. - Some results obtained through the survey from the employees' assessment of internship effectiveness in the enterprise - Survey of trainees who are studying in their final year at training institutions about the effectiveness of their internships at enterprises. 3.3. The main factor influencing training association and labor use in Nghe An 3.3.1. Adjusted analytical model and research hypotheses from the education institution 3.3.1.1. Research sample description Participants in the survey of factors affecting the association of training and employers from the school included: 325 administrators, teachers at vocational education institutions in Nghe An. 3.3.1.2. The results of factor analysis and assessment of the reliability of the factors Table 3.8. Assess the reliability of the scale No Factor Scale Cronbach's Alpha 1 TC TC1, TC2, TC3 0,723 2 KT KT1, KT2, KT3 0,880 3 CLGD CLGD1, CLGD2, CLGD3, CLGD4, CLGD5, CLGD6, CLGD7 0,940 4 NB NB1, NB2, NB3 0,792 5 KC KC1, KC2, KC3, KC4, KC5, KC6, KC7 0,960 6 NT NT1, NT2, NT3, NT4, NT5 0,897 7 LKĐT LKĐT1, LKĐT2, LKĐT3, LKĐT4, LKĐT5, LKĐT6 0,910 8 LKTĐ LKTĐ1, LKTĐ2 0,902 9 LKNC LKNC1, LKNC2, LKNC3, LKNC4 0,932 10 LKSD LKSD1, LKSD2 0,909 Source: Statistical results from the thesis survey The research results show that using the analysis to discover the form factor of training association and labor use is consistent with the research data. The KMO coefficient is greater than 0.5 (0.834), and 4 factors with Eigenvalues (the amount of variation explained by the factor) greater than 1 are extracted from the original 14 items; and Cumulative value of 80.719% tells us that these 4 factors account for 80.719% of the variation of the data. The observed variables form four main factors, or in other words, the school-business linkage can be classified into four main groups: training association, use association, technology transfer association, information exchange association The research results show that it is appropriate to analyze and discover the impact factors, KMO = 0.692; 6 factors with Eigenvalues (the amount of variation explained by the factor) greater than 1 is extracted from the original 28 items; and Cumulative value of 75.094% tells us that these 6 factors explain 75.094% of the variability of the data. Thus, based on the rotation matrix from EFA analysis, we have 6 factors created: Financial motivation, teaching quality improvement motivation, knowledge development motivation, cognitive barrier, internal barrier, barrier due to response distance. 3.3.1.3. Adjusted model and research hypothesis Financial motivation Teaching quality improvement motivation Knowledge development motivation Motivation Training association Use association Technology transfer association Information exchange association Cognitive barrier Internal barrier Barrier due to response distance Barrier 3.3.2. Motivations and barriers to association from the education institution 3.3.2.1. Motivation of association benefit from the school side 3.3.2.2. Barrier of association from the school side 3.3.2.3. The results of the regression analysis to evaluate the effects of the motivation and barriers to training association and labor use from the eduction institution. Table 3.9. Regression model results Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 4 Dependent variable LKĐT LKTĐ LKNC LKSD Β β Β β Β β Β β (Constant) 0,854*** 2,604*** 0,407 3,525*** TC 0,026 0,028 0,031 0,024 0 0 -0,046 -0,046 KT 0,346*** 0,352*** 0,266*** 0,199*** 0,306*** 0,271*** 0,139*** 0,133*** CLGD 0,398*** 0,395*** 0,31*** 0,227*** 0,539*** 0,467*** 0,163*** 0,152*** NB - 0,241*** - 0,289*** - 0,339*** -0,3*** - 0,331*** - 0,347*** - 0,223*** - 0,251*** KC - 0,195*** - 0,215*** - 0,511*** - 0,415*** - 0,319*** - 0,307*** - 0,336*** - 0,347*** NT 0,381*** 0,354*** 0,371*** 0,254*** 0,39*** 0,316*** 0,414*** 0,36*** R2 adjusted 0,587 0,478 0,663 0,415 F 77,764 50,370 107,269 39,383 Sig. 0,000 b 0,000b 0,000b 0,000b Source: Statistical results from the thesis survey The results of the analysis of 4 models: it shows that the financial motivation does not affect the choice of the association form (p-value> 0.05), the remaining factors in the model all affect the selection of the model. link training formula and employers (p-value <0.05). Therefore, the 5 factors that affect the form of association are: teaching quality improvement motivation, motivation to develop applied knowledge, internal barriers, cognitive barriers, barriers due to response distances. The analysis results also showed that in all 4 models: Anova test has Sig. = 0.000 <0.05, proving that 4 regression models are suitable and the model's defects have no effect on the estimated results. 3.3.3. Motivations and barriers to association from enterprises 3.3.3.1. Motivations to association from enterprises 3.3.3.2. Barriers to association from enterprises 3.4. Ecosystem for association in Nghe An - Nghe An has not had specific and appropriate local policies to encourage the development of this cooperative relationship - Nghe An has not paid attention to building a model and linkage mechanism between vocational schools and appropriate enterprises, and there is no organization that takes legal responsibility to help this relationship develop sustainably. - Vocational trainees and vocational trainers in Nghe An are currently disadvantaged in terms of mechanisms, policies, regimes, salaries and other preferential conditions. 3.5. Some models linking training and using employers in Nghe An province 3.5.1. Model of promoting benefit motivation in the link between Nghe An Economics - Industry - Crafts Intermediate School and Companies 3.5.2. Model that limits barriers on satisfying gaps in the link between The National Transportation College IV and e Companies 3.6. General evaluation of linking training and using employers in Nghe An province 3.6.1. Achievements - In the period 2014 - 2019, activities of linking training between the school and companies have been meeting requirements of human resource development for process of industrialization and modernization of Nghe An province. - Form and level of link between schools and companies are becoming more diverse, strict and essential. - Mechanisms, policies, and environment for linking training and using labors are increasingly ventilated. 3.6.2. Limits - Contents and forms of link between State’s education units and companies are still simple, can not be really effective, do not have appropriate models and mechanisms of linking, mainly focusing on linking of using empl