Study and recommendations on spatial orientation priority solutions for integrated Hai Phong coastal natural resources management

consulting method, questionnaire-based sociological survey method, Delphi method, data processing method. b. Mapping and geographic information system methods. c. Analysis and synthesis methods: SWOT analysis method, Analytic hierarchy process (AHP) Chapter 1 conslution: Chapter 1 of the thesis refers to the core issues of the theoretical ground for the study: synthesize concepts related to the integrated coastal resource management space; summarize concepts related to zoning and functional zoning; Chapter 1 also summarizes the works related to the thesis topic. By summarizing and establishing the theoretical and practical basis of integrated Hai Phong coastal natural resources management spatial orientation (INRMSO), I have selected appropriate approaches, methodologies and techniques for my thesis. Therefore, I have well established the theoretical framework and study steps for my thesis. This is the basis for carrying out specify study for the Hai Phong Coastal area in Chapter 2. 7 CHAPTER 2. TERRITORIAL FUNCTIONAL ZONING OF HAI PHONG COASTAL AREA 2.1. Geographic differentiation factors 2.1.1. Geographical location and position of Hai Phong coastal area Hai Phong is a port city downstream of the Thai Binh river system, with geographical coordinates between 20 o35’-21o01’ of Northern latitude; 106 o29’-107o05’ of East longitude; The city share boders with Quang Ninh to the North and Northeast, Hai Duong province to the Northwest, Thai Binh province to the Southwest borders and Gulf of Tonkin to the East. It owns a 125km long coastline, with 5 large estuaries of Bach Dang and Cua Cam, Lach Tray, Van Uc and Thai Binh. 2.1.2. Geological – geomorphological differentiation of the Hai Phong coastal area Geologically - tectonically, the original rock formations before the Quaternary in the Hai Phong coastal area have exposed original quarry foundation in Bac Thuy Nguyen, terrigenous and carbonate basalt rocks belonging to Duong Dong and Lo Son formations; terrigenous and sometimes carbonate rocks belonging to the Xuan Son and Do Son formations in the Kien An - Do Son range. Regarding the geological and geomorphological differentiation: mountainous and hilly areas of terrigenous sediments; coastal plains; estuary area; shallow coastal areas; ocean accumulation shelves. 2.1.3. Thermal and moisture differentiation in Hai Phong coastal area Regarding climatic factors, being a narrow strip of coastal land, the terrain - geomorphological factors pose no large differentiation which affects formation of local climates, so Hai Phong coastal area carries typical features of tropical monsoon coastal climate. There are about 1600 - 1900 hours of sunshine annually, focusing on May - July and October, the number of hours of sunshine is the least in February and March. Total annual radiation volume is 105 - 115 Kcal/cm2, highest in May, August, lowest in February. The annual radiation balance is 65-70 Kcal/cm2. The annual average temperature is 23.9 o C, around 27.9 o C in summer and 19.8 o C in winter, highest at 38.6oC (August 3, 1985) and lowest at 6.6 o C (November 21, 1996). The total annual heat is 8000-8500 o C, coldest in January (16.5 o C), hottest in August (28.5 o C). 8 In general, the climate of the Hai Phong coastal area is quite homogenous, does not create any climate division or local climate, including coastal areas and coastal sea areas. 2.1.4. Soil differentiation of Hai Phong coastal area Regarding soil factors: The Hai Phong coastal area has its soil differentiation based on water - river elements, including: alluvial soil; alkaline soil; saline soil; saline soil with mangroves. Thus, the soil of the Hai Phong coastal area is differentiated from the mainland to the sea and differentiated according to the water elements related to river, river - sea (alkaline soil) and to the sea land (saline soil). The soil differentiation affects the settlement and economic activities (agriculture, tourism, fisheries, etc.) and society (settlement activities), affecting the natural resource management space Regarding biological factors: The Hai Phong coastal area is relatively rich in biodiversity with 4 ecosystems typical of the funnel-shaped estuary, and over 600 marine species. In particular, the mangrove ecosystem, with more than 500 marine species, plays an important role in its biodiversity, as well as ecological, environmental and aquatic resources maintenance 2.2. Socio-economic factors 2.2.1. Current land use status Regarding the total area, the study area accounts for 52.78% of total area of Hai Phong city. It shows the advantage of its land fund for arranging socio-economic development activities, but also puts a great pressure on land resources and environment. Comparing the land ratio in the study area in 2008 (10 years from this study year, 2018), the land ratio of the study area is nearly equivalent, reaching 53.30% of the total natural area of the city. Therefore, within 10 years, the area has been narrowed for about 68,916.1 ha, about 0.52%, creating a small fluctuation in the common land resources of the whole coastal area. 2.2.2. Current population and labor According to Hai Phong city’s statistics in 2018, population of the coastal area is unevenly distributed by space, population in Tien Lang, Kien Thuy and Hai An districts are almost double that in Duong Kinh, Do Son and Cat Hai districts. 9 If, in 2018, the three districts of Tien Lang, Kien Thuy, Hai An had a population of more than 100 thousand, in 2008, only Kien Thuy and Tien Lang district had a population of over 100 thousand. It means that, in 10 years, there was another administrative unit, Hai An district, whose population increased by over 100 thousand. The statistics of 2018 shows that the population in the three districts of Tien Lang, Kien Thuy and Cat Hai is 1.74 times higher than that of the three districts of Hai An, Duong Kinh and Do Son, while in 2018 it dropped to 1.38 times. 2.2.3. Livelihood-economic development activities in Hai Phong coastal area - Industrial manufacturing: Operations of the business in coastal districts of Hai Phong, according to the statistics, have increased significantly with the number of businesses established in 2018 3.9 times higher than in 2008, but unevenly distributed, concentrated mainly in Hai An district since 2008 and accounting for 59.55% of the total number of enterprises in Hai Phong coastal area in 2018. - Agricultural production: Among agricultural, forestry and fishery activities of the districts of the Hai Phong coastal area, number of farms in the study area accounts for 50.56% of the city, concentrated particularly in the two districts of Tien Lang and Kien Thuy with total 318 farms in 2018. - Service, trade and tourism in the coastal area: The Hai Phong City Planning Adjustment until 2025, with orientations to 2030 at the Decision No. 821/QD-TTg dated July 6, 2018 on the development orientation of sectors, identified that this service section with investment for rapid development of services (ports, shipping, logistics, maritime, finance - banking, trade, education - training, health, etc.) should ensure to build Hai Phong into a major maritime and shipping services center of Vietnam; logistics service center of the Northern key economic region at Nam Dinh Vu Industrial Park with 04 satellite logistics centers of Lach Huyen, VSIP, Trang Due and Tien Lang; financial, trade, market promotion and major investment mobilization center of the Northern region, whole country and the region; major information, post and telecommunications transaction and international conference center of Vietnam; major education - training and scientific research center in the Northern region; major health center of the 10 Northern coastal region. Proactive with appropriate roadmap for international integration in terms of marine shipping. 2.3. Natural resource elements 2.3.1. Mineral resources in Hai Phong coastal area According to the survey findings of the Department of Geology and Minerals of Vietnam, the potential of minerals in Hai Phong is quite diverse, 25 mineral points have been listed, including titanium - zirconium placer; construction limestone; paving limestone; mercury; photphoride; active silicon; clay, etc., of which, construction limestone is evaluated with the largest reserves, estimated at 185 million tons, followed by clay for construction and cement production, about 65 million m 3 . 2.3.2. Wetland resources in Hai Phong coastal area Hai Phong has a large area of coastal wetlands with rich and diverse types. The total wetland fund in Hai Phong coastal area is 64,969 ha (excluding small islands), equal to 42.8% of the city’s natural area. In particular, the regular wetland area (up to a depth of 6m) and the wetland tidal area accounts for 25% and 17.8% of the total natural area of the city respectively. 2.3.3. Water resource in Hai Phong coastal area - Surface water: Total water surface area of Re, Gia and Da Do rivers is approximately 9876 hectares, with large reserves of about 40 million m 3 , sufficient for future living and socio-economic development of the city. - Groundwater: The groundwater of the city meeting the standard for living demands (total mineralization <1g/l) is not redundant, can only be exploited in small volumes with a total capacity of about 27,000 m 3 /day. Its total reserve is forecast at 70,400 m 3 /day. - Mineral water: The Tran Chau Commune on Cat Ba Island has Thuong Luong Mineral stream starting from the rocks, it has high volume and produces fresh water. The Xuan Dam Commune (Cat Ba) has 3 mineral mine points marked adjacent to the intersection of three destructive fault systems to northwest - southeast, northeast - southwest orientations and Asia meridian. 2.3.4. Biological resources in Hai Phong coastal area According to the statistics, 2,034 flora and fauna species have been recorded in Hai Phong coastal and marine ecosystems. In terms of 11 diversity, phytoplankton and mollusk communities account for the highest proportion of the total diversity of species of marine flora and fauna communities in Hai Phong. Marine fishes are also in high number with 332 species that have been recorded as one of the potentials for fisheries development in the city. 2.4. Functional zoning of Hai Phong coastal area 2.4.1. Criteria for dividing territorial functional units Based on the differentiation characteristics of solid substrate elements (geological - geomorphological background) in heat - humidity of climatic factors which are almost homogeneous, but with presence of differentiation of estuaries related to the formation and geomorphology of the Hai Phong coastal area, together with the differentiation of organic material substrate elements, along with the process of land exploitation and territorial differentiation, the criteria for functional zoning have been established to consist of 5 groups: (1)- natural differentiation factors, (2) - Socio- economic differentiation factors, (3) - environmental differentiation factors, (4) - planning element differentiation factors; (5) - climate change and natural disaster differentiation factors. 2.4.2. Functional zoning results Based on 5 criteria groups to identify the functional zones, 09 functional zones have been identified in the Hai Phong coastal area and they have been assessed for priority: (1) - Tien Lang - Kien Thuy river - sea accumulative delta agricultural zone, (2) – Hai An River – Sea accumulative delta Urban – industrial zone, (3) - Tien Lang - Kien Thuy coastal accumulative delta agricultural and fishery zone, (4) – Duong Kinh sea marsh Urban commercial and industrial zone, (5) - Hai An modern tidal flat surface industrial - port service zone, (6) - Tien Lang – Kien Thu modern tidal flat surface Fishery and protection forest Zone, (7) - Do Son Peninsula trade - service - tourism Zone, (8) - Bach Dang Funnel-shaped estuary seaport and industrial zone, (9) – Cat Hai Wetland ecosystem conservation and fishery zone. 12 Figure 2.1. Functional zoning map of Hai Phong Coastal districts 13 Chapter 2 conclusion: By analysis and assessment of the status and changes in the geographical conditions, natural resources and environment of the Hai Phong coastal districts, b consisting of Hai An, Do Son, Duong Kinh, Tien Lang, Kien Thuy and Cat Hai) serving as a basis for functional zoning under the study subjects. Based on five groups of criteria for determining the functional zones, the Hai Phong Coastal Districts are divided into 09 functional zones which play a very important part in determining the priority orientations in the integrated coastal spatial planning for the purpose of sustainable socio- economic development, reasonably associated with environmental protection. CHAPTER 3. INTEGRATED NATURAL RESOURCE AND ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT SPATIAL ORIENTATION 3.1. Assessing the impact of a number of natural, socio-economic factors on functional zones 3.1.1. Impact of natural disasters - Impacts of climate change and sea level rise: According to the sea level rise scenarios in Hani Phong coastal area at the late 21 st century, there impact is quite high. If the sea level rises 100cm, up to 58.0% of the natural area of Hai Phong is at risk of flooding, posing urgent challenges and solutions in the climate change and SLR response plan; - Impact of natural disasters: The natural disasters in this coastal area include: sea impacts such as storm, water rise, but basically erosion - accretion, and others. 3.1.2. Socio-economic development pressure - Socio-economic development pressure to entire Hai Phong coastal area: Population pressure, migration and social infrastructure in the urbanization process; pressure from industrial development; pressure from the seaport service. - Pressure from socio-economic development activities to industrial zones of the Hai Phong coastal area. 3.2. Conflicts in exploitation and use of natural resources 3.2.1. Conflicts - Conflicts in land, water, forest and biodiversity use. 14 - Conflict in industry groups with the exploitation and use of land, water, forest and biodiversity resources. - Conflicts in production development with exploitation and use of land, water, forest and biodiversity resources. 3.2.2. Criteria for impact extent assessment of socio-economic development and natural resource planning, exploitation and use - Socio-economic criteria: Among the assessed criteria, industrial development ones (marine - seaport, functional zones) have the highest impact. The findings are quite in line with reality in Hai Phong, because this city has a modern infrastructure: roads, railway, airways in the logictics chain, its industrial and trade - service – tourism industries also enjoys a great development. - Planning criteria: Concern about priority orientations for the three objectives - economy, natural resource conservation, and national defense and security receives the highest scores, with the highest for the economic development in the process of socio-economic development planning. 3.2.3. Conflicts in exploitation and use of coastal natural resources: The conflicts in exploitation and use of the Hai Phong coastal natural resources are selected according to their highest, biggest and greatest relevance. They are: (1) – impact of conflicts in land use, (2) - conflicting effects among industries, (3) - production sectors. 3.3. Planning overlapping 3.3.1. Impact of master planning on Hai Phong coastal area Impacts of of national and regional planning; city planning; district planning. 3.3.2. Assessment of Hai Phong city planning status - Appropriateness and compatibility of planning space: suitable with the orientation of exploitation and use of natural resources in national and regional planning; consistent with the trend of resource exploitation and use in the city-oriented planning for each district. - Overlapping planning space: overlaps in planning space through index of planning scale. 15 3.4. Spatial Orientation (SO) assessment and integrated natural resource management solution 3.4.1 Natural resource and environment management priority orientation by functional zones a. Functional grouping criteria: Economic, ecological and social based on the following principles: - Firstly, because the ecological function is mainly dominated by the natural, socio-economic characteristics of the sub- zone, despite homogeneity in vertical structure, a sub-zone which contains a difference in the horizontal structure and the time structure will have different functions. - Secondly, the sub-zone has a clear difference between its ecological function and the land use orientation. - Thirdly, it is necessary to affirm that the impact of human beings causes changes in the ecological function of a sub-zone. If such impact is strong enough, exceeding the “limit”, it will cause a change in ecological structure, thereby changing the function of the sub-zone. b. Criteria for dividing specific functions: Main functions; Auxiliary functions; Service functions: For Hai Phong coastal area, assessment and classification of ecological functions of the functional zones are approached by building a model that integrates component functions and calculates a single quantitative indicator. The ecological functions are determined based on Niemann's ecological function classification system (1977). Accordingly, the satisfactory functions will be assessed as 1, the others are assessed as 0. Then, statistics is made by each function level (group of functions, main functions, sub-functions). The statistical result is the total number of functions in each level. This result is classified by zone to analyze changes in multifunctional characteristics of zones. 3.4.2. DPSIR framework analysis for emerging environmental and resource management issues for functional zones Objective: Strengthening the capacity of state agencies in ICNRSO, in order to enhance cooperation between ministries and industries, releasing conflicts on the coastal natural resource use Benefits of functional zoning integration for coastal natural resource management: DPSIR analysis allows the natural resource and environment management priority orientation by functional zones. 16 3.4.3. Identify priority measures in defining integrated management space Based on the Hai Phong coastal functional zoning by SWOT method, AHP analysis is conducted to determine the preferred plan to identify the integrated natural resource management space. Process of identifying preferred plan based on aspects of development spatial planning: (i) - seaport, (ii) - Industry-trade, (iii) - service - tourism, (iv) - fishery and marine conservation. The preferred plan to organize the natural resource and environment management space is made according to the functional zones shown in the table below. Table 3.1. Preferred plan to organize the natural resource and environment management space FZ Priority Orientation 1: Seaport and seaport service 2: Industry and Trade 3: Tourism and tourism services 4: Fishery and biodiversity conservation 1/ Tien Lang - Kien Thuy river - sea accumulative delta agricultural zone 0 1 3 5 2/ Hai An River – Sea accumulative delta Urban – industrial zone 1 5 4 1 3/ Tien Lang - Kien Thuy coastal accumulative delta agricultural and fishery zone 1 2 3 5 4/ Duong Kinh sea marsh Urban commercial and industrial zone 1 5 4 1 5/ Hai An modern tidal flat surface industrial - port service zone 0 1 3 5 6/ Tien Lang – Kien Thu modern tidal flat surface Fishery and protection forest Zone 2 3 4 5 7/ Do Son Peninsula trade - service - tourism Zone 1 4 5 1 8/ Bach Dang Funnel-shaped estuary seaport and industrial zone 5 4 1 1 9/ Cat Hai Wetland ecosystem conservation and fishery zone 1 2 3 5 5- Very high priority plan; 4- High priority plan; 3- Medium priority plan; 2-Low priority plan; 1- Very low priority plan. 17 Figure 3.1. Map on Integrated Hai Phong Coastal Spatial Planning Orientation by functional zones 18 3.5. Integrated Hai Phong coastal natural resource management spatial orientations and solutions 3.5.1. Recommendations on Integrated Hai Phong coastal natural resource management spatial orientations The integrated Hai Phong coastal natural resource management spatial orientations are as follows: (1) - Seaport, seaport service, industrial operation management spatial orientation; (2) - Industrial - urban - trading operation management spatial orientation; (3) - Trading - Service - Tourism operation management spatial orientation; (4) - Fishery - afforestation - wetland ecosystem conservation management spatial orientation. *Functional zone-based integrated Hai Phong Coastal natural resource management spatial orientation based on solutions for promoting the opportunity advantages as follows: Solution I-1: Enhancing public participation; Solution I-2: Training, improving management capacity; Solution I-3: Planning facilities for landscape ecological services; Solution I-4: Orienting the market mechanism-oriented international relationships; Solution I-5: Managing education on awareness of natural resources and environment protection. * Functional zone-based integrated Hai Phong Coastal natural resource management spatial orientation based on solutions for eliminating and minimizing negative impacts as follows: Solution II-1: Minimizing Conflict between industries within the same space; Solution II-2: Minimizing over- exploitation of natural resources and ecosystems; Solution II-3: Minimizing single-sector management, outdated production techniques; Solution II-4: Minimizing the risk of overlapping development space. 3.5.2. Recommendations on priority solutions on integrated Hai Phong coastal natural resource management spatial orientations In order to implement the integrated Hai Phong coastal natural resource management spatial orientation, the following two groups of solutions need to be implemented: (1) – those to promote opportunity advantages; (2) – those to eliminate and minimize the negative impacts. 19 3.5.2.1. Solutions to promote opportunity advantages (Soluion group I) a. Enhancing public participation (Solution I-1) This solution is applied to the functional zones with high biodiversity characteristics; landscape diversity, geographic diversity, ecological landscape and positional resources, therefore meeting the development needs of various industries in the same space. Therefore, the development orientation of this group should be based on: (1) - Features of landscape diversity, geographic diversity, ecological landscape and positional resources of the zones; (2) - Conflicts in exploitation and use of natural resources; (3) - Conflicts among communities that carry out exploitation and use of natural resources; (4) - Conflicts among values of natural resource use. From the above factors, I recommend that the functional zones having 4 issues mentioned above should be orientated based on this solution. With this sense, the functional zones 1, 3, 7, 8 and 9 should be applied with this solution, in order to ensure harmony between development and the public interests. b. Training, improving management capacity (Solution I-2) Practical requirements of the functional zones are as follows: (1) - Multidisciplinary development but also integration, analysis, extraction, and use of large data sources to select the priority development options for each industry, industry group from time to time, or short- or medium-term strategy, and develop long-term strategy; (2) -The ability to exploit and use large data, infrastructure at the domestic, regional and world level, because the study space is a modern international port city. Demand for a highly qualified workforce to perform such tasks as logistics; (3) - Demand for both development and limited environmental impact - building a green seaport; (4) -Evaluation of favorable and unfavorable situations based on natural factors (overlapping development space). From the needs and practices mentioned above, I recommend applying this solution to all 9 functional zones 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,