The measures must be suitable with the requirements of the fundamental reform of
the Vietnamese education system in the current period: transfer from equiping knowledge and
skills to comprehensively develop the capacity and quality of learners.
- Measures must contribute to consolidate Mathematics and Informatics knowledge for
students, help students understand the nature of the problem, apply mathematical knowledge
to write algorithms to solve math problems and simultaneously towards the ability of create
a computer program that automatically performs some math problems for students in grade
11 when they study computer programming in nformatics.
- The measures must promote the effectiveness and strength of the exploitation of the
Mathematics - Informatics interdisciplinary relationship on the basis of determining the
contents of interactions, common concepts and ideas between the two subjects.
- The measures must really contribute to the development of problem-solving capacity
for students through the organization of teaching activities to exploit Mathematics -
Informatics interdisciplinary relationship.
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hân phối tần số, tần suất, tần suất tích lũy điểm bài kiểm tra 2
của lớp TN và lớp ĐC trường THPT Quỳnh Côi
(TN đợt 2)
xi
Tần số Tần suất (%) Tần suất tích lũy (%)
TN ĐC TN ĐC TN ĐC
4 0 1 0,0 2,1 0,0 2,1
5 1 4 2,0 8,5 2,0 10,6
6 4 7 7,8 14,9 9,8 25,5
7 12 21 23,5 44,7 33,3 70,2
8 18 10 35,3 21,3 68,6 91,5
9 14 4 27,5 8,5 96,1 100
10 2 0 3,9 0,0 100 100
Tổng 51 47 100 100
22
Hình 3.15. Đồ thị biểu diễn tần suất tích lũy điểm kiểm tra bài số 2
giữa lớp TN và lớp ĐC trường THPT Quỳnh Côi
(TN đợt 2)
*) Trường THPT An Lương Đông - Thừa Thiên Huế:
Bảng 3.19. Bảng phân phối tần số, tần suất, tần suất tích lũy điểm bài kiểm tra 2
của lớp TN và lớp ĐC trường THPT An Lương Đông
(TN đợt 2)
xi
Tần số Tần suất (%) Tần suất tích lũy (%)
TN ĐC TN ĐC TN ĐC
4 0 3 0,0 8,8 0,0 8,8
5 2 6 6,3 17,7 6,3 26,5
6 4 7 12,5 20,6 18,8 47,1
7 8 10 25,0 29,4 43,8 76,5
8 11 5 34,3 14,7 78,1 91,2
9 5 3 15,6 8,8 93,8 100
10 2 0 6,3 0,0 100 100
Tổng 32 34 100 100
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
4 5 6 7 8 9 10
TN
ĐC
23
Hình 3.16. Đồ thị biểu diễn tần suất tích lũy điểm kiểm tra bài số 2
giữa lớp TN và lớp ĐC trường THPT An Lương Đông
(TN đợt 2)
Phân tích điểm bài kiểm tra số 2 của HS lớp TN và lớp ĐC trường THPT Phú Bình -
Thái Nguyên cũng cho kết quả tương tự. Biểu đồ thể hiện đường biểu diễn tần suất tích lũy
điểm kiểm tra bài số 2 của lớp TN nằm bên phải của đường biểu thị tần suất tích lũy điểm
kiểm tra bài số 1 của lớp ĐC. Điều này bước đầu cho chúng ta kết luận về khả năng GQVĐ
của HS lớp TN tốt hơn lớp ĐC. Để có thể khẳng định về chất lượng của TN đợt 2, chúng tôi
tiến hành xử lý số liệu thống kê toán học. Qua kết quả thống kể có thể kết luận:
Kết quả TN chứng tỏ khả năng GQVĐ của HS lớp TN tốt hơn lớp ĐC. Điều này đã
bước đầu khẳng định tính khả thi và hiệu quả của các biện pháp khai thác mối quan hệ liên
môn Toán - Tin trong dạy học nội dung Tổ hợp - Xác suất và Dãy số (Đại số và Giải tích 11)
theo hướng phát triển năng lực GQVĐ cho HS mà luận án đề xuất.
3.5.2.4. Kết quả khảo sát giáo viên tham gia thực nghiệm sư phạm
Sau khi dạy TN lần 2, chúng tôi đã trao đổi, hỏi ý kiến của 6 GV trực tiếp tham gia
TN. Kết quả thu được cho thấy: Các GV dạy TN đều hiểu đúng khái niệm mối quan hệ liên
môn Toán - Tin, xác định được đúng các kiến thức, kĩ năng liên môn ở từng nội dung dạy
học; hiểu rõ về hai hướng khai thác mối quan hệ liên môn Toán - Tin khi dạy học nội dung
Tổ hợp - Xác suất và Dãy số (Đại số và Giải tích 11); GV vận dụng được các biện pháp đã đề
xuất vào thiết kế giáo án; khi dạy các giáo án, đã khai thác tốt từng tình huống, qua đó góp
phần phát triển năng lực GQVĐ cho HS.
Từ những phân tích trên, có thể kết luận: Các biện pháp mà luận án đề xuất là có tính
khả thi và hiệu quả, góp phần khai thác được mối quan hệ liên môn Toán - Tin khi dạy học
nội dung Tổ hợp - Xác suất và Dãy số (Đại số và Giải tích 11) theo hướng phát triển năng lực
GQVĐ cho HS.
.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
100.00
120.00
4 5 6 7 8 9 10
TN
ĐC
24
KẾT LUẬN VÀ KIẾN NGHỊ
Kết luận
Luận án đã thu được những kết quả chính sau đây:
1. Tổng quan tình hình nghiên cứu về khai thác mối quan hệ liên môn Toán - Tin và
dạy học theo hướng phát triển năng lực GQVĐ cho HS.
2. Phân tích đặc điểm, nội dung chương trình môn Toán, Tin ở trường THPT, từ đó
làm rõ quan niệm về “Mối quan hệ liên môn Toán - Tin” trong dạy học Toán ở trường THPT
và hướng khai thác mối quan hệ liên môn Toán - Tin trong dạy học nội dung Tổ hợp - Xác
suất và Dãy số (Đại số và Giải tích 11).
3. Làm rõ thêm một số biểu hiện, tiêu chí và mức độ đánh giá năng lực GQVĐ của HS
thông qua việc khai thác mối quan hệ liên môn Toán - Tin trong dạy học nội dung Tổ hợp -
Xác suất và Dãy số.
4. Đề xuất được bốn biện pháp sư phạm để khai thác mối quan hệ liên môn Toán - Tin
trong dạy học nội dung Tổ hợp - Xác suất và Dãy số (Đại số và Giải tích 11) theo hướng phát
triển năng lực GQVĐ cho HS.
5. TN sư phạm để kiểm tra tính khả thi và hiệu quả của các nội dung luận án đề xuất.
Trên cơ sở các kết quả đã đạt được cho phép kết luận: Mục đích nghiên cứu của luận
án đã đạt được, nhiệm vụ nghiên cứu đã hoàn thành và giả thuyết khoa học là chấp nhận được.
Nghiên cứu của luận án đã khẳng định việc khai thác mối quan hệ liên môn Toán -Tin trong
dạy học Toán ở trường THPT nói chung, trong dạy học nội dung Tổ hợp - Xác suất và Dãy
số (Đại số và Giải tích 11) nói riêng là việc làm cần thiết, có tác động tích cực đến sự phát
triển năng lực GQVĐ của HS. Đây là hướng nghiên cứu giúp HS hình thành cách học, cách
chiếm lĩnh tri thức, góp phần nâng cao ý thức và chuẩn bị tâm thế cho HS đón nhận cuộc cách
mạng công nghiệp 4.0 sẽ bùng nổ rất nhanh trên toàn cầu.
Kiến nghị
Chúng tôi kiến nghị tiếp tục triển khai dạy học theo hướng khai thác mối quan hệ liên
môn Toán - Tin vào dạy học những nội dung khác trong chương trình môn Toán ở trường phổ
thông, đặc biệt là những nội dung dạy học gắn với thực tiễn, góp phần nâng cao hơn nữa chất
lượng và hiệu quả của quá trình dạy học đồng thời phát triển cho HS năng lực GQVĐ hướng
tới sự tự động hóa.
DANH MỤC CÔNG TRÌNH CỦA TÁC GIẢ ĐÃ CÔNG BỐ
1. Ngô Thị Tú Quyên (2015), Khai thác mối quan hệ liên môn Toán - Tin nhằm phát triển tư
duy thuật toán cho học sinh thông qua dạy học luyện tập kiểu mảng, Tạp chí Khoa học
Giáo dục, Viện Khoa học Giáo dục Việt Nam, số Đặc biệt (tháng 4), tr.26 - 28.
2. Lê Khắc Thành, Ngô Thị Tú Quyên (2016), Khai thác kiến thức liên môn Toán - Tin vào
dạy học nội dung Dãy số cho bằng phương pháp mô tả góp phần bồi dưỡng năng lực giải
quyết vấn đề cho học sinh, Tạp chí Khoa học Giáo dục, Viện Khoa học Giáo dục Việt
Nam, số Đặc biệt (tháng 1), tr.8 - 10.
3. Ngô Thị Tú Quyên (2016), Phát triển năng lực giải quyết vấn đề cho học sinh lớp 11 thông
qua khai thác kiến thức liên môn Toán - Tin trong dạy học nội dung dãy số bị chặn, Tạp
chí Giáo dục, số 388, tr. 55 - 58, 64.
4. Ngô Thị Tú Quyên (2017), Khai thác mối quan hệ liên môn Toán - Tin trong dạy học giải
bài tập Hoán vị - Chỉnh hợp - Tổ hợp, Tạp chí Khoa học - Trường Đại học Sư phạm Hà
Nội, Vol. 62, No. 1, pp. 15-22.
5. Ngo Thi Tu Quyen (2017), Teaching the content of Combinatorics - Probabilities grade 11
in the direction of exploiting Mathematics - Informatics interdisciplinary relationship,
Сборник научных статей: “Современные проблемы науки и образования: традиции
и новации”, Казахский национальный педагогический университет имени Абая,
Kazakhstan, ISBN 978-601-298-581-8, pp. 80-87.
6. Ngô Thị Tú Quyên (2018), Khai thác mối quan hệ liên môn Toán - Tin hỗ trợ học sinh lớp
11 tìm công thức số hạng tổng quát của dãy số cho bởi công thức truy hồi, Tạp chí Giáo
dục, Số đặc biệt Kì 2 tháng 5/2018, tr. 175-178.
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING
HANOI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION
NGO THI TU QUYEN
EXPLOITING MATHEMATICS - INFORMATICS INTERDISCIPLINARY RELATIONSHIP
IN TEACHING OF COMBINATORICS - PROBABILITIES AND SEQUENCES
WITH ORIENTATION OF DEVELOPING PROBLEM-SOLVING CAPACITY
FOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS
Major: Theory and Methods of Teaching Mathematics
Code: 9140111
SUMMARY OF DOCTORAL THESIS OF EDUCATION SCIENCE
HANOI - 2019
The thesis was completed at:
Hanoi National University of Education
Supervisors: 1. Assoc. Prof. Ph.D. Le Khac Thanh
2. Dr. Nguyen Phuong Chi
Reviewer 1: Prof. Ph.D. Dao Tam
Vinh University
Reviewer 2: Assoc. Prof. Ph.D. Dao Thai Lai
The VietNam National Institute of Educational Sciences
Reviewer 3: Assoc. Prof. Ph.D. Nguyen Chi Thanh
VNU University of Education
The thesis will be defended in front of the university council
at Hanoi National University of Education
on hour minute, day month
The thesis can be found at:
- National Library, Hanoi
- Library of the Hanoi National University of Education
1
INTRODUCTION
1. Reasons for this topic
The socio-economic development during the international integration period poses
new requirements for human resources, thus poses new demands for the cause of education.
One of the fundamental orientation of education reform is the transition from content-oriented
education to an education focused on shaping and developing learners’ capacity.
Many countries in the world, in teaching Mathematics, advocate the practice and application
of Mathematics in practical activities, typically the United States, France, Russia, Germany, etc. In
recent years, capacity development-oriented teaching has become a major trend for many
countries around the world, especially for the developed countries of the OECD. In order to meet
this requirement, in the process of teaching, teachers need to create knowledge connection
between subjects, guide students to apply the knowledge of many subjects to solve problems.
In Vietnam, the Ministry of Education and Training is implementing a radical and
comprehensive reform of the country’s education system in accordance with Resolution no.
29-NQ/TW dated 04 November 2013 of the 8th Conference of the 11th Central Executive
Committee, in the Resolution, it is emphasized that education in Vietnam needs to change
fundamentally and comprehensively, “strongly transforming the education process from
mainly acquiring knowledge to developing comprehensively the capacity and qualities of
learners”. From the academic year of 2012 - 2013, MOET has introduced the problem of
applying interdisciplinary knowledge to the teaching process in high school.
In the 11th grade program, Mathematics and Informatics are closely related, supporting
each other. Especially, the content of Combinatorics - Probability and Sequence (Algebra and
Analysis 11) is quite interesting, with many practical problems. Through teaching this
content, the students can be introduced to many processes, algorithms. The problems can be
taught in the spirit of algorithm development from the level that the students process by paper
and pen to the level of writing programs for computer processing. Through solving
Mathematics problems, students can further and clearly understand the nature of the
mathematical content and knowledge applied to mathematical problem solving at the level of
the implementer. Development of algorithm with the orientation of automation helps to
develop the problem-solving capacity for students. Writing a program for computers to solve
the problems automatically, students will strengthen, deepen and apply mathematical and
computer knowledge.
For the above reasons, we chose the research topic of the thesis: “Exploiting
Mathematics - Informatics interdisciplinary relationship in Teaching of Combinatorics
- Probability and Sequence with orientation of developing problem-solving capacity for
high school students”.
2. Research purposes
The research purpose of the thesis is to propose pedagogical measures to exploit the
Mathematics - Informatics interdisciplinary relationship in teaching Combinatorics -
Probability and Sequence (Algebra and Analysis 11), thereby contributing to develop the
problem-solving capacity for high school students.
3. Objects and subjects of the study
3.1. Research subjects: Exploitation measures of Mathematics - Informatics interdisciplinary
relationship in teaching Combinatorics - Probability and Sequence (Algebra and Analysis 11)
with the orientation of developing problem-solving capacity for high school students.
3.2. Research objects: The teaching process of Combinatorics - Probability and Sequence
(Algebra and Analysis 11) in high school.
2
4. Scientific hypothesis
On the basis of theory and practice, pedagogical measures can be proposed and if these
measures are applied, the relationship of Mathematics - Informatics interdisciplinary will be
exploited in teaching the content of Combinatorics - Probabilities and Sequences (Algebra
and Analysis 11), thereby contributing to develop te problem-solving capacity for high school
students.
5. Research duties
To fulfill the above objectives of the study, it is necessary for the thesis to address the
following questions: (1) What is the Mathematics - Informatics interdisciplinary relationship in
teaching Mathematics at high school? How has the approach to exploit Mathematics -
Informatics interdisciplinary relationship in teaching of Combinatorics - Probabilities and
Sequences (Algebra and Analysis 11) been implemented? (2) What are the elements/
manifestations of problem-solving capacity in teaching Combinatorics - Probabilities and
Sequences (Algebra and Analysis 11)? (3) Why can the exploitation of Mathematics -
Informatics interdisciplinary relationship in teaching help develop the problem-solving capacity
of students? (4) What are feasible and effective measures to exploit the Mathematics -
Informatics interdisciplinary relationship in teaching Combinatorics - Probabilities and
Sequences (Algebra and Analysis 11) in the direction of developing problem-solving capacity
of students?
6. Research Methods
Theories study, investigations and observations, case studies, pedagogical experiments.
7. New contributions of the thesis
- Providing an overview of research situation on exploiting Mathematics - Informatics
interdisciplinary relationship and teaching with orientation of developing the problem-solving
capacity for the students.
- Clarifying the concept of "Interdisciplinary relationship of Mathematics -
Informatics" in teaching Mathematics at high schools and the direction of exploiting the
Mathematics-Informatics interdisciplinary relationship in teaching with the contents of
Combinatorics - Probabilities and Sequences (Algebra and Analysis 11).
- Identifying a number of manifestations, criteria, and levels for evaluating student's
problem-solving capacity in the exploitation of this Mathematics - Informatics interdisciplinary
relationship into teaching the Combinatorics - Probability and Sequences content.
- Proposing some pedagogical measures in order to exploit the Mathematics -
Informatics interdisciplinary relationship in teaching the Combinatorics - Probability and
Sequence (Algebra and Analysis 11), thereby, contributing to the development of problem-
solving capacity for students at high schools. The pedagogical experiments results have
initially demonstrated the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed pedagogical measures.
8. Protected thesis points
- The exploitation of Mathematics - Informatics interdisciplinary relationship in teaching
the Combinatorics - Probability and Sequences content (Algebra and Analysis 11) with
orientation of developing the problem-solving capacity for students is based on theoretical and
practical basis.
- The proposed measures in Chapter II are new, contributing to theory and have
practical value.
- The pedagogical measures proposed in this thesis are feasible and effective, in line
with the current teaching practice.
9. The composition of the thesis
The main contents of the thesis include 3 chapters.
3
Chapter 1. THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL BASIS
1.1. Overview of research issue
1.1.1. Literature reviews on the eploitation of Mathematics - Informatics interdisciplinary
relationship
1.1.1.1. In the world
The idea of combining two or more subjects was supported by such well-known
educators as John Dewey (1938), Ralph Tyler (1949) and Benjamin Bloom (1956). Many
authors have focused on exploiting the interdisciplinary relationship through integrative
teaching. The author Fogarty R. (1991) proposed 03 types of integration in accordance with
10 models. In the 2nd type of integration - Integration in different subjects, he mentioned 05
models, including: Sequenced, Shared, Webbed, Threaded, Integrated. The models that
Forgaty offered demonstrate the methods and levels of integration. For teaching in the
model of Sequenced, teachers are required to change the order of lessons in the coursebook
of the relevent subjects so that they can take place synchronously, the contents of the lessons
with corresponding information are in coherence, the knowlegde students have obtained
from the previous subject can serve for the knowledge acquired later in other subjects. For
Threaded model, teachers should demonstrate which skill the students need developing,
thereby, selecting the appropriate contents for teaching so that students can achieve that
skill. Savage J. (2011) also points out that the integrated approach in teaching is reflected
in the combination of the knowledge and capacity of two or more school subjects to address
the problem. Studies in Kevin Costley's Ph.D. thesis (2015) have shown that students are
better educated by reorganizing teaching content into broader themes that stem from a
theoretical connection between subjects.
Regarding the integration between Mathematics and Informatics and other subjects in
teaching Mathematics in high school: Ward-Penny R. (2011) pointed out the possibility of
integrative teaching of Mathematics with natural sciences and Mathematics with Technology,
Mathematics with Informatics, ... at secondary school. In the direction of integrating
Mathematics with Informatics, he analyzed and suggested some teaching contents with
knowledge and skills in both subjects of Mathematics and Informatics. However, he has not
given a method to organize teaching in a specific way and not mentioned the development of
capacity for students through teaching this content.
The authors Tran Kiem Minh and Nguyen Thuy Viet Anh (2018), in the report
"Integrating algorithms into secondary Mathematics curriculum:the case of France" at the
international scientific conference "An Integrated Approach in Mathematics Education and
Teacher Training" held at Hanoi National University of Education also analyzed, outlined
how to integrate the content of Mathematics and algorithms in teaching Mathematics in France.
Some authors such as Hohenwarter M., Preiner J. (2007) has carried out the studies on
the use of GeoGebra software in teaching of Geometry; Hohenwarter M., Hohenwarter J.,
Kreis Y. and Lavicza Z. (2008) finished their papers in teaching and learning calculation in
connection with GeoGebra software; Leong Y. H. (2009) spent his study on the use of
Sketchpad software in teaching of Geometry, In these pieces of research, the authors used
Informatics software as a tool which supports for the teaching of Mathematics. It also
contributes to better performance of students in their calculation and identification of
geometric relationships.
4
1.1.1.2. In Vietnam
Integration studies have been conducted since the 1990s of the XX century. The
research results have been applied in the development and implementation of the current
program. However, for each level of education, the level of application varies. At the
elementary level: At grades of 1, 2 and 3, there are Natural and Social subjects; At grades of
4 and 5 Science subject is built in the spirit of complete integration; History and Geography
is built in the spirit of partial integration (interdisciplinary). At Secondary and High schools,
only Literature is developed as an integration of three subjects: Vietnamese language,
Literature and Practice on writing (at Secondary school), Writing (at High School); Other
subjects have only integrated into the program some issues such as population and
reproductive health, life skills, etc. into the curriculum.
Applying integrative teaching in the teaching process at high school has been studied
by many authors such as Cao Thi Thang, Do Huong Tra, Nguyen Phuong Chi, etc.
The integration between Mathematics and Informatics and other subjects in teaching
Mathematics and Informatics is also interested and researched by many authors, such as:
Nguyen Phuong Chi, Nguyen The Son, etc. with research on the integration between
Mathematics and other subjects; Nguyen Chi Trung proposed, illustrated the ability to use
programming languages to solve some problems in Mathematics, physics and chemistry.
Besides, the authors -Vuong Duong Minh, Nguyen Chi Trung, etc. with research on
teaching Mathematics in association with developing algorithm thinking for students; Trinh
Thanh Hai, Tran Trung, Do Hong Thuan, Bui Minh Duc, etc. with research on using software
to support for teaching Mathematics. These authors mainly research and exploit the
interdisciplinary relationship of Mathematics - Informatics in the direction of: Using software
to support for teaching Mathematics; Developing algorithms to solve some mathematic
problems, developing algorithms thinking for students; Writing a program to solve some
mathematic problems. However, the authors have not been interested in the content of
knowledge of Mathematics, Informatics that can be studied simultaneously in the general
education program or not.
1.1.2. Research on teaching with orientation of developing problem-solving capacity
1.1.2.1. In the world
Many authors are interested and conduct researches on capacity issues and teaching to
develop capacity, such as F.E. Weinert, Howard Gardner or Tremblay, etc., the authors have
shared the view that capacity is the ability of an individual to synthesize knowledge, skills
and attitudes for successful implementation of a certain task in a defined context.
In term of education assessments, there are many countries such as England, Finland,
Australia, Canada, etc., and some authors, such as C. Cooper, S. Dierick, F. Dochy, A. Wolf,
DA Payne, M. Wilson, M. Singer, etc., interested in research on capacity assessment. In
particular, in recent years, developed countries in the OECD have implemented the
Programme for International Student Assessment.
Studying in the teaching of problem solving, it is recommended with problem solving
process that got concerns from some authors and organizations such as Polya G., Frei S.,
PISA,... Numerous researchers pointed out different directions in the teaching of problem
solving, for example, Dahmus M. E. suggested that teachers should develop an algorithm for
a class of problems, then instructing students to solve these problem based on that algorithm.
It is effective in many case, however, it can hardly implement with the problems that have no
explicit algorithm. Kilpatrick J. summerized some notes for teacher in teaching of problem
5
solving, in which he indicated that it is essential to establish a clear target setting for the
problems that students need to solve; saying that the problem solving is highly complicated;
well understanding that it is difficult to develop the problem solving capacity; paying attempts
to make students become more and more active in the process of problem solving; creating a
proper environment for the problem solving.
1.1.2.2. In Vietnam
One of the points of interest in reforming our general education program after 2019 is the
construction and development of an output-oriented curriculum embodied in capacity groups.
In recent years, there have been many researches on teaching such as Nguyen Ba Kim,
Bui Van Nghi, Le Khac Thanh, etc. In these works, the authors have proposed steps for
teaching problem-solving capacity with the aim of improving the quality of teaching with
orientation of activating awareness of students.
Some authors, such as Nguyen Anh Tuan, Tu Duc Thao, Thinh Thi Bach Tuyet, etc.,
have studied the training and fostering capacity in detecting and resolving problems in
Mathematics teaching at high school.
Some authors, such as Pham Duc Quang, Le Anh Vinh and Do Duc Thai, etc. have
conducted research on the teaching of Mathematics at Secondary school in the direction of
developing student’s capacity. In these papers, they pointed out some capacities that are
possible to create and foster for students in Mathematics. These pieces of research have also
mentioned and illustrated the development of problem-solving capacity for students through the
teaching of Mathematics through teaching of some Mathematics contents at secondary school.
In addition, some other researches in the field of examination and evaluation of
mathematical education of students can be mentioned such as research by Bui Thi Hanh Lam,
Phan Anh Tai, etc.
One of the points of interest in reforming our general education program after 2019 is the
construction and development of an output-oriented curriculum embodied in capacity groups.
1.1.3. Some judgments
Through the research on integrative teaching, teaching with orientation of developing
problem-solving capacity in the world and in Vietnam, we have the following remarks:
- The development of problem-solving ca
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